•<» «        t 


^ 

VQ 


o^ 


/ 


^%.:^J^ 


It  <^ 


^m 


■^F  .^ 


^    o> 


'W 


%. 


O 


7 


•\ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


lill 


1.0 


I.I 


l^  1 2.8 


2.5 


2.2 


2.0 


l.d 


PhoiDgraphic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


1.25      U    |||.6 

4 

6" ^ 

> 

->3  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


*w0mmmMmmttkitmtm 


/. 


d 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 


Canadian  Instituta  for  Hiatorical  Microreproductiona  /  Institut  Canadian  da  microraproductiont  hiatoriquaa 


^ 


■D    <S> 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


I 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  cnecked  below. 


^ 


D 


D 
D 


n 


Coloure'^  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pellicul6e 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


|~~1    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  g6ographiques  en  couleur 


□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustration^V 


D 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  er;  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
11  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout6es 
tors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppi^mentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  mbilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  rc^produite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


D 
D 
D 

D 
D 

n 


D 
D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  ddcolordes,  tachetdes  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtach^es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quality  in6gaie  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppldmentaire 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6x6  film6es  d  nouveau  de  fagon  6 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


0 

12X 

16X 

20X 

i 

24X 

28X 

32X 

ai 


i 


plaire 
es  details 
liques  du 
}nt  modifier 
>xiger  une 
de  filmage 


s 

ced/ 
jiqudes 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriattf .  All 
other  original  copies  aia  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "),  or  the  symbol  y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grAce  d  la 
g6n6rusit6  de: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  filmd,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim6e  sont  filmis  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  fiim^s  an  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaltra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  —^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  y  signifie  "FIN". 


/ 
intaire 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmAs  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  6tre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  filmA  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthou?. 


ed  by  errata 
filmed  to 

ement 

ta,  une  pelure, 

de  faqon  d 

ble. 


ox 

1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

32X 


J] 


\1 


THE 


FAULTS  OF  SPEECH 


A  Self-Corrector 


AND 


TEACHERS    MANUAL. 


BY 


/ 


ALEX.  MELVILLE   BELL.,  F.E.LS.,  &c. 


/^T^ 


iVSrx..-.-.!*,^*-'^  •4i,-.-'«??3fcV-j*':'  •«,-»ii>^ 


~-K,r-f^^ 


1" 


Copyright  .  1HK», 
By  James  P.  Burbank. 


'^ 


1" 


.    IHKO, 
DURBANK. 


;A*«<MiV-'i^    li1TITgM»iii  rttm 


■■f 


> 


'. 


>•'■■. 


-I 


:?:il- 


A.  MKLVILLE  BELL'H  W0BK8. 


VIslbU  tpMch;  the  Science  of  UnlrerMl  Alpbo- 

betlct.    4to,lir.  mor tSA) 

BngliehVUIbleSpawihferthelflHion.    .    .    .40 
Bapluiatory  Lecture  nn  Visible  Speech    .    .    .15 
Univereel  Line- Writing  nnd  Steno-Phooopraphy, 
on  the  basU  of  VUlblo  Speech.    Hto.,  pap.  JSi 
The  Principle*  of  Speech  and  Vocal  Physiology, 
an<l  DIctloMtry  of  Hounds.    19mo., cloth,  IM 
The  Prindplee  of  Elocution.    ISmo.,  cloth  .  IM 
The  Emphasised  Liturgy.    19mo.,  cloth  .    .    1.00 
The  Faults  of  ftpeech,  a  Self-Corrector  an<i.  Teach- 
ers' Manual,    itmo.,  cloth W 

The  Art  of  Reading.    lOmo.,  cloth    ....    .60 

Mallei  Aree  on  receipt  of  price  by  the  publisher. 
Complete  descriptive  list  sent  on  application. 

JAMES  P.  BURBAHK,  Boaton,  Masa. 


.;5-^/'.  :■'.';  ^'v'.  ':■'.'■■''- ^\:„:^ 


BLL'8  WORKS. 

oe  of  Unlvenal  AlpliA- 

19.00 

rthaMUIion.  .  .  ■«> 
'iRible  Speech  .  .  .15 
nd  Steno-Phonography, 
I  Speech.  8vo.,  pap.  » 
and  Vocal  Pbyilology, 
indi.  18mo.,  cloth.  IM 
on.  12mo.,  cloth  .  IJW 
.  ISmo.,  cloth .  .  1.00 
9ir-Corrector  and  Teaoh- 

jloth .80 

no.,  cloth    ....    .60 

f  price  by  the  pabliaher. 
Mnt  on  a(:  plication. 

BANK,  Boaton,  Mass. 


'       CONTENTS. 

'sW'l   ''■:-:: ":':''''-^  ,  . 

Elkmentahy  Sounuh  .        ,"  ■;  '' 
'  Corrective  Training  . 
Orgnalt!  Defects     . 

ImPKDIMKNT'   ok  8PRKC1I 

NcrvousncHM  . 

Stammering  a  Habit  . 

Systems  of  Cure    . 

Self-effort  Necessary 

Temporary  Relief  . 
'fBK  Cure  of  Stammkrino 

The  Breath. — Atmospheric  Pressure ;  Air 
Chounels ;  Inspiration  and  Expira- 
tion   

The  Voice.  —  Exercise,  Continuity  of 
Voice;  How  to  leorn  Elementary 
Sounds;  Difficult  Elements 

Organic  Regulation.— The  Mouth;  The 
Jaw;  The  Head;  Spasmodic  Ac- 
tions         

Self-Observation 

Capricious  Difficulties       .       .'      . 

Aggravauts  of  Difficulty 


s 

7 

V 

10 

11 

12 

la 

U: 
IT 


17-18 


19-28 


34-2G 

.  27 

28 

.  ait 


If 

i 


•\.-^<<fUr-'ffKi^t 


mmn^""^ 


a  CONTENTS. 

Mmom  PAOLTi ^ 

Na.all«lng "^ 

Thu  Anplriitc 8a 

Vocal  (^)n«onanU ^ 

TlilcknenH  of  Hpovch 84 

Ohatohkai.  Kaiilti ** 

Coiiv»'riiati«)i»al  Slurring         ....  85 

Ku»tuln«(l  Voice •* 

Mal-Ue«plrution **• 

OHOANIC   HoBSTITOTIOHi ^ 

i'ostbciiipt ** 

Appendix *' 


'* . "  * 


■•TT**W."»     imii  'W  '   *B  ""u 


'8. 


^ 


? 


.  80 

.  80 

.  88 

.  88 

.  84 

.  8« 

.  86 

.  86 

.  88 

.  40 

.  61 

.  67 


PREFACE. 


|I1I8  little  work  Hii|)|)lieH  n  want  of  which 
I  have  Ik'ch  frcqiu'iitly  r(>inia«1o<l  (hir- 
ing my  |)r()((>NHioual  onn'cr.  In  rcviHin^i;  thf 
"IriiiciploH  of  iSpoech  luid  Vocal  I'hysioloxy  " 
for  n  now  (>(lltioii  In  1HG;1,  a  Hoetion  of  tin- 
l)ook  waH  (lovotocl  to  the  '  Cure  of  Staminor- 
ing;"  and  in  another  Hcction  —  the  "Diction- 
ary of  SoundH" — reference  was  made  under 
each  consonant  to  the  defects  to  which  the 
clement  was  subject :  but  a  complete  separate 
treatise  on  the  Faults  ov  Speech  has  not 
hitherto  been  published.  .  "►-  .  ■  '  '  , 
I  am  glad  to  be  able  still,  to  add  tc<  my 
professional  publications  one  which,  I  hope 
and  believe,  will  prove  not  the  least  uscflil  of 
the  whole.  A.  M.  B. 

TuTKLo  IIkiohts, 
BnAXTKoiM),  OxT.,  April,  1880.   i.  ;        ■  '.  • 


mim^^T^'^^^^^f^fi^^'^^'^'^ 


^A  ^'•■. 


:um 


'T^ 


'■!-',  ■  ..M>M'. 


-•^y.-i.^^iir. 


^Tke  FflOLTS  0P  Speech  i(^ 


.,.     Mr: 


T 


THE  FAULTS  OF  SPEECH. 


^r*-  .  .. 


ELEMENTARY  SOUNDS. 

|HE  processes  of  speech  are  mechanical, 
but  they  are  intimately  associated  with 
mental  operations.  Sometimes  the  meclumical 
processes  are  mismanaged,  and  sometimes  the 
intellectual  associations  are  imperfect.  In  the 
latter  case,  expression  is  tardy  or  inexact ;  in 
the  former,  utterance  is  interrupted  or  vitiated. 
The  two  kinds  of  defect  may  be  combined,  or 
either  may  exist  separately.  Stammering, 
stuttering,  etc.  are,  for  the  most  part,  mechan- 
ical defcctei ;  drawling,  hemming,  and — uh — 
uh — hesitation  are,  in  great  measure,  faults  of 
the  intellect.  The  observations  in  this  work 
will  have  reference  to  failures  in  the  mechan- 
ical execution  of  speech. 


.% 


'i.-'^y  -■-  ^  f 


2  THE  FAULTS   OF  SPEECH. 

The  foot  that  "everjbody  speaks,"  and  yet 
not  one  person  in  a  thousand  knows  how  he 
speaks ;  and  that  children  talk  the  language 
of  their  nurses— be  it  English,  French,  Ger- 
man, Italian,  Indian,  Patois,  or  whatever  ebe 
—proves  that  language  is  normally  acquired 
by  imitation.     A  child  imitates  with  more  or 
less  accuracy  the  general  effect  of  the  sounds 
it  hears ;  but,  in  doing  so,  makes  many  sub- 
stitutions of  easier  for  more  difficult  actions 
of  the  organs  of  speech.     The  lips  and  the 
forepart  of    He  tongue  are  the  first  of  the  ar- 
ticulating organs  to  be  brought  into  use ;  and 
"turn,"  "tat"  and  "tate"  in  most  cases  sat- 
isfy the  child's  apprehension  of  the  words 
♦'come,"  "cat"  and  "cake."    The  action  of 
the  back  of  the  tongue  is  often  not  acauired 
for  years.     Infiintilo  defects  are  unwisely  en- 
couraged by  parents,  who— with  the  requisite 
knowledge— might  enable  their  children  to 
pronounce  correctly  as  soon  as  they  begin  to 
prattle  at  all.    There  can  be  no  doubt  that 
the  most  serious  blemishes  and  impediments 
arise  fi-om  parental  neglect— or  rather  ignor- 
ance—in this  respect.     When  a  child  says 
,     "turn"  for  "come,"  and  "tin"  for  "king," 


OF  BPEECH. 

body  speaks,"  and  yet 
ousand  knows  how  he 
ren  talk  the  language 
English,  French,  Ger- 
atois,  or  whatever  else 
e  is  normally  acquired 
imitates  with  more  or 
■al  effect  of  the  sounds 
5  so,  makes  many  sub- 
'  more  difficult  actions 
eh.     The  lips  and  the 
are  the  first  of  the  ar- 
brougbt  into  use ;  and 
ate"  in  most  cases  sat- 
ihension  of  the  words 
cake."    The  action  of 
e  is  often  not  acouired 
lefects  are  unwisely  en- 
,yho— with  the  requisite 
nable  their  children  to 
8  soon  as  they  begin  to 
J  can  be  no  doubt  that 
nishes  and  impediments 
eglect — or  rather  ignor- 
!t.     When  a  child  says 
and  "tin"  for  "king," 


■iHMiiiPliilPliPi 


ELEMENTARY  SOUNDS.  f 

the  correct  articulation  will  be  induced  almost 
at  the  first  trial  by  the  simple  expedient  of 
holding  down  the  forepart  of  the  tongue  with 
the  finger.  The  effort  to  imitate  the  general 
effect  will  then  force  the  back  of  tlie  tongue 
into  action ;  and  in  a  few  days  at  most,  the 
child  will,  without  any  assistance,  form  k,  g 
and  ng  where  before  it  could  only  utter  ^  d 
and  n. 

The  "shut"  consonants  (p,  t,  k,  b,d,g)  are 
the  most  easily  acquired,  and  children  conse- 
qucntl}'  pronounce  p  instead  of  the  more  dif- 
ficult /,  and  t  instead  of  th.  A  few  minutes 
devoted  to  amusing  exercise  will  conquer  this 
difficulty.  Thus:  tell  the  child  to  bite  his 
lower  lip,  and  blow,  and  be  will  form  a  tol- 
erable /  at  once ;  or  to  bite  his  tongue,  and 
blow,  and  a  passable  th  will  be  the  result. 
The  sounds  of  «  and  sh  are  often  for  a  long 
time  confounded ;  also  those  of  s  and  th.  The 
sound  of  «  will  be  obtained  fW>m  th  by  drawing 
back — or,  if  assistance  is  needed,  by  push- 
ing back — the  tip  of  the  tongue  till  it  is  free, 
from  the  teeth.  The  teeth  require  to  be  verj' 
close  for  «,  but  there  will  be  room  to  insert 
the  edge  of  a  paper-cutter  to  play  the  tongue 


'^ 


m 


THE  FAULTS  OF  DPEECH. 


'    m 


M 


into  position.  Tho  sound  of  ah  will  be  ob- 
tained from  «  by  drawing — or  pushing— back 
the  body  of  the  tongue  till  it  is  iVee  fVom  the 
gum.  Tho  sibilation  of  ah  is  formed  between 
the  middle  of  the  tongue  and  the  palate,  modi- 
fled  i)y  a  degree  of  elevation  of  tho  point  of 
tho  tongue  also :  that  of  a  is  formed  iKJtween 
the  point  of  the  tongue  and  the  uppor  gum, 
modifled  by  a  degree  of  convexity  of  tho  mid- 
dle of  the  tongue :  and  that  of  th  is  formed 
between  tho  tip  of  the  tongue  and  the  upper 
teeth,  with  the  edges  of  the  tongue  flattened 
against  the  side  teeth  to  obstruct  the  breath 
at  all  points  but  the  tip. 

The  sounds  of  I  and  r  are  generally  the  last 
to  be  mastered  by  a  child.  The  I  resembles 
th  in  having  the  point  of  the  tongue  in  con- 
tact (preferably  with  the  gum),  but  the  sides 
of  the  tongue,  instead  of  being  flattened 
against  the  teeth,  are  free  from  lateral  con- 
tact, so  that  the  breath  passes  over  the  sides. 
R  resembles  »  in  having  the  point  of  the 
tongue  raised  to  the  upper  gum,  but  the  mid- 
dle of  the  tongue,  instead  of  being  convex, 
is  dcFjressed  so  that  the  Ireath  stiikes  sharply 
on  the  free  tip  of  the  tongue.    The  sound  of 


T 


yp  BPEECB.    .r    ' 

ad  of  sh  win  be  ob- 
— or  pushing — back 
11  it  is  free  from  the 
ah  is  formed  between 
and  the  palate,  modi- 
ition  of  the  point  of 

B  is  formed  Ixjtween 
I  and  the  upper  gum, 
convexity  of  the  mid- 

that  of  th  is  formed 
tongue  and  the  upper 
t  the  tongue  flattened 

0  obstruct  the  breath 

'  are  generally  the  last 
ild.  The  I  resembles 
of  the  tongue  in  con- 
16  gum) ,  but  the  sides 

1  of  being    flattened 
free  fh>m  lateral  con- 
passes  over  the  sides. 

ing  the  point  of  the 
per  gum,  but  the  mid- 
:ead  of  being  convex, 
I  Ireath  stiikes  sharply 
tongue.    The  sound  of 


>[<f. 


CORRECTIVE   TRAINING.  6 

y  resembles  ah  in  having  the  middle  of  the 
tongue  arched  towards  the  palate,  but  witiioiit 
the  elevation  of  the  forepart  of  the  tonguo, 
which  is  a  necessary  part  of  the  modification 
of  ah. 

-■-,::,,     vv;       Corrective   Training.        j    ,,  j;- 

A  TERT  little  attention  on  the  part  of  par- 
ents would  secure  their  children  against  artic- 
ulative  blemishes  which  otherwise  disfigure 
them  for  life ;  and  which  are  often  the  first 
causes  of  the  most  painftil  impediments.  In- 
stead of  being  satisfied  with  the  child's  im- 
perfect imitation  of  the  general  effect  of 
concrete  utterances  in  words  and  sentences, 
parents  should  require  an  exact  reproduction 
— however  slowly — of  syllables,  and,  if  nec- 
essary, of  elementary  sounds.  This  of  course 
implies  that  parents  can  themselves  analyze 
their  utterance  into  syllables  and  elements. 
Few  persons  can  do  so  with  entire  accuracy : 
but  the  attempt,  though  imperfect,  will  put 
the  child  in  the  right  way  to  correct  himself. 

Some  children  manifest  a  degree  of  inapti- 
tude for  speech,  probably  from  defective  im- 
itation, or  it  may  be  from  intellectual  dulness ; 


-*»««+ 


?-?-^-*^«SIBS«i**<^^''.^-i"«'--**'**^^'''*^*l'^''*^'*-^ 


6 


TUE   FAULTS    OF  SPEECH. 


80  thot  a  child  of  throe  or  four  years  of  age 
will  be  DO  farther  advanced  than  an  average 
child  of  two  or  three.  The  faculty  of  imita- 
tion becomcB  almost  inoperative  after  the  earli- 
est years,  and  special  care  should  be  given  in 
such  cases  to  establish  a  habit  of  distinct 
elementary  and  syllabic  atteranoe  so  far  as 
ability  extends,  and  to  prevent  the  formafion 
of  a  habit  of  defect.  It  is  certainly  true  that 
a  child  who  falls  to  pronounce  the  whole  of  a 
word  can  be  made  to  reproduce  its  syllables, 
or  its  elements,  one  by  one ;  and  as  the  long- 
est utterance  is  made  up  of  syllables,  these 
only  should  be  required  of  the  learner.  Fac- 
ility of  combination  will  infallibly  come  with 
practice,  if  patience  and  skill  are  displa}'ed  to 
regulate  the  analytic  utterance  of  the  back- 
ward child. 

There  is  then  no  justification  for  allowing 
lisping,  burring,  lallation  and  other  elementary 
defects  to  become  fixed  into  habits.  True, 
they  l)e  corrected  at  any  time,  with  but  little 
trouble ;  j-et  "  prevention  is  better  than  cure," 
and  such  elementary  disfigurements  of  udult 
speech  ought  to  have  been  rendered  impossible 
by  attention  in  the  nursery  and  school-room. 


^ttiliMiimiliiitMiiliUm' 


^ 


OF  SPEECH. 

or  four  years  of  age 
need  than  an  average 

The  faculty  of  imita- 
perative  after  the  earll- 
ftre  Bhould  be  given  In 
ti  a  habit  of  distinct 

0  utterance  so  far  as 
prevent  the  formation 
t  is  certainly  true  that 
tnonncc  the  whole  of  a 
reproduce  its  sjllables, 
one ;  and  as  the  long- 
up  of  syllables,  these 

1  of  the  learner.  Fac- 
ill  infallibly  come  with 
d  skill  are  displayed  to 
utterance  of  the  bauk- 

istification  for  allowing 
)n  and  other  elementary 
id  into  habits.  True, 
tny  time,  with  but  little 
ion  is  better  than  cure," 
disfigurements  of  adult 
leen  rendered  impossible 
irseiy  and  school-room. 


OBOANIC  DEFECTS.  f 

Organic   Defecta. 

OsoAino  causes  of  diflloulty  sometimes  pre- 
sent themselves.  When  the  formation  of  the 
Jaws  is  such  that  the  teeth  cannot  be  brought 
evenly  in  line,  the  sibilant  sounds  a  and  x  will 
be  defective ;  when  the  tongue  is  too  closely 
tied  to  the  lower  jaw,  the  sounds  of  t,  d,  n,  / 
and  r  will  be  wanting  in  clearness.  The  den- 
tist may  do  much  to  rectify  the  former  mal- 
formation; and  the  stirgeon,  by  the  simple 
operation  of  snipping  the  fVsenum  that  binds 
the  tongue,  may  give  the  requisite  ftecdom  in 
the  latter  case. 

A  more  serious  organic  cause  of  defective 
speech  is  cleft  palate,  when  an  opening  exists 
between  the  mouth  and  the  nasal  passage. 
The  breath,  which  requires  to  be  shut  within 
the  mouth  for  f  >&,  t-d,  k-g,  escapes  by  the 
nose,  and  a  percussive  articulation  is  Impossi- 
ble. In  most  cases  a  skilAil  denti^^  can  cover 
the  fissure  in  the  palate  by  a  suction-plate, 
and  the  power  of  clear  enbnciation  nwy  thus 
be  obtained.  Cleft  palate  causes  all  vowels 
to  be  nasalized ;  but  frequently  the  fault  of 
nasalizing  vowels  is  merely  habitiud,  witliout 


i.a.i,>*M;jjTni-;*>J- 


Li;'ftiiii^;^\;sff^*iii-^*!!^^i>^«c;»''^:;W^*?^^ 


r 


(' 


»■;•' 


■  THE   FAULTS   OF   SrSEC'l. 

•ay  organic  causo.  As  witli  tliu  mcchaniHiu 
of  oonsonants,  bo  with  that  of  vowels :  habits 
of  mal-pronuiiciation  may  b«  prt^ventttd  more 
easily  than  rectified  ;  and  among  otIuT  im|K>r- 
foctions,  that  of  nasalizing  is  perfectly  sustvp- 
tible  of  preventive  or  corrective  training. 


-    !»il 


:/--i^  ■ '    >  ; 


OF  SPEECH. 

8  with  the  mcchaniHiu 
that  of  vowels :  habits 
my  btf  prtivenUid  more 
1(1  among  other  imi)or- 
ing  is  pcrfot'tly  au9(»'p- 
orrcotivu  training. 


^ 


IMPEDIMENTS  OF  SPEECH. 

|AR  more  serious  than  nnj'  of  the  ele- 
mentary defects  hithorto  noticed  are 
those  affections  of  speech  which  create  an  im- 
pediment to  utterance.  These  arc  known  by 
Ihe  names  of  stuttering,  stammering,  spas- 
modic hesitation,  etc.  Their  common  charac- 
teristio  1  involuntary  action  of  the  organs, 
which  arc  not  ol)cdient  to  the  will.  In  stut- 
tering, the  articulating  organs — the  lips  and 
tongue — rebound  again  and  again  before  the 
sequent  vowel  can  And  egress.  The  moutli 
opens  and  shuts  in  vain  effort  to  act  on  the 
throat ;  and  the  throat  opens  and  shuts  in  vain 
effoit  to  act  on  the  diaphragm.  From  the 
n>cking  head  to  the  fluttering  chest  there  is  a 
general  want  of  precision  in  the  attempt  to 
articulate.  In  stammering,  the  .breathing  is 
entirely  deranged — the  normal  actions  of  tiie 
chest  and  diaphragm  are  reversed — the  .reath 


^ 


iia 


10 


rirs   FAULTS   OF  SPEECH. 


m 


is  inaplrcd  In  the  attempt  to  Hpcnk  ;  tho  tiiroat 
is  shut  in  thu  attempt  to  form  houikI  ;  tlut  voice 
is  fltfUlly  ejected  or  n»*trnine»i ;  siui  tiio  nilicu- 
lating  orgatiH  when  thoy  me<>t  remain  iuM'par- 
able,  a*  if  glued  together.  In  Bpasmodlo 
hesitation  there  is  a  Aitilo  straining,  often 
silent  und  choicing,  but  oocasionuliy  fVightf\iliy 
demonstrative.  The  eyeballs  protrude,  tlie 
▼cins  of  the  neck  start  out,  tho  raue  is  mif- 
ftised  and  contorted,  and  the  muscles  of  the 
whole  body  arc  sposnaodloally  affected. 

No  sharp  line  of  demarcation  can  be  drawn 
between  these  varieties  of  im[)ediment.  Loose 
stuttering  is  opt  to  pass  into  compressive 
stammering  ttoxa  the  dread  of  ridicule  iu- 
spired  by  consciousness  of  peculiarity ;  and 
the  worst  features  of  spasmodic  difficulty  may 
supervene,  itom  the  increase  of  sensitiveness 
and  the  bitterness  of  disappointed  effort. 

Nerw»un«»a. 

NoTWiTHSTAMDnfo  the  manifest  nf^rvousness 
of  the  majority  of  stammerers,  they  are  rarely 
persons  of  weak  nerves  under  ordinary  dr- 
oumstances.  Their  nervousness  is  associated 
only  with  speaking,  and  it  is  much  more  likely 


■»■— i»i 


0¥  BPSECa. 

it  to  Hpenk ;  th«  throat 
form  8<)UimI  ;  tlu»  voice 
■ttlnod  ;  and  the  nitlcu- 

met't  n'lnaln  Insopar- 
Bther.  Ill  spajimodlo 
ftitllo  Rtralning,  often 
(XscaHlonuUy  Wghtflilly 
jyebalU  protrude,  tlie 
t  out,  tho  face  is  mif> 
nd  the  inuBcloa  of  the 
dloally  affected, 
narcaiion  can  be  drawu 
of  impediment.  Loose 
pass  into  compressive 

dread  of  ridioulo  lu> 
88  of  peculiarity;  and 
pasmodic  difficulty  may 
tcrease  of  sensitiveness 
lisappointed  effort. 

le  manifest  nervousness 
nmerers,  they  are  rarely 
68  under  ordinary  dr- 
srvousoess  is  associated 
d  it  is  much  more  likely 


BTAMMSnilfO  A  HABIT. 


n 


to  have  arisen  as  a  consequence  of  impedi- 
ment, than  to  have  bc«n  — as  many  imagine— 
a  cause  of  the  malady.  The  true  cause  prob- 
vbly  lies  (kr  back  in  childhood,  when  some 
slight  imperfection  lias  l)een  harshly  corrected 
or  DMxrked ;  or  when  weakness  of  the  system 
alter  illness  has  made  tho  child  peculiarly  sen- 
Bitive  under  ordinary  dlfflcultics.  The  slight- 
est beginning  at  that  period  may  lead  on  to 
the  most  aggravated  form  of  impediment 
Even  a  casual  example  may  exite  Imitation  at 
tlie  time  when  that  faculty  is  the  strongest  in 
our  nature,  and  so  enslave  tho  little  mimio. 
Many  isoUited  cases  are  believed  to  have  had 
no  other  than  this  simple  origin. 

Stammering  a  Habit. 

Th«  frequent  occurrence  of  stammering 
among  members  of  the  same  family  has  led 
many  persons  to  imagine  that  the  affection 
was  transmitted  hereditarily,  and  that  conse- 
quently it  was  an  incurable  affliction  of  the 
constitution.  But  there  is  no  ground  for  such 
a  supposition,  opposed  aa  it  is  to  the  manifest 
nature  of  the  impediment— pertaining  only  to 
speech,  which  is  altogether  artificial  and  no 


m 


V»WH<(tP«TW^lJ«.  . 


mmmmmmmm 


m 


THE  FAULTS   OF  SPEECH. 


!!'il 


part  of  our  physical  endowment.  A  ftill  con- 
sidcration  of  the  subject  and  a  wide  experi- 
ence with  all  varieties  of  the  impediment  lead 
to  the  settled  conviction  that  stammering  is 
a  habit  only — the  formation  of  which  may  be 
entirely  prevented  by  precautionary  training 
in  childhood;  the  growth  of  which  may  be 
easily  checked  before  it  is  aggravated  by  the 
excitements  of  school ;  and  the  uprooting  of 
which  may  be  accomplished  at  any  stage  by 
iutc^Uigent  care  and  perseverance. 

Sy^ma  of  Cure.      *     ;, 

The  stammerer's  difficulty  is :  where  to  turn 
for  effective  assistance.  C!ertainly  not  to  any 
pretender  who  veils  his  method  in  convenient 
secrecj',  nor  to  any  who  profess  to  "charm" 
away  the  impediment — or  to  effect  a  cure  in 
a  single  lesson  !  Not  to  any  whose  "  system" 
mvolves  drawling,  singing,  sniffing,  whistling, 
stamping,  beating  time  —  all  of  which  expedi- 
ents have  constituted  the  "curative"  means 
of  various  charlatans ;  nor  to  any  who  bridle 
the  month  with  mechanical  appliances — forks 
on  the  tongue,  tubes  between  the  lips,  bands 
over  the  laiynx,  pebbles  in  the  month,  etc., 


•S   OF  SPEECH. 

ndowment.  A  ftiU  con- 
>ject  and  a  wide  experi- 
i  of  the  impediment  lead 
tion  that  stammering  is 
rmation  of  whicli  may  be 
y  precautionary  training 
jowth  of  wiiicb  may  be 
!  it  is  aggravated  by  the 
A;  and  the  uprooting  of 
iplishcd  at  any  stage  by 
[Wraeverance. 

,8  of  Cure.      '     .. 

ifBculty  ia :  where  to  turn 
3e.  C!ertainly  not  to  any 
lis  method  in  convenient 
who  profess  to  "charm" 
t — or  to  effect  a  cure  in 
t  to  any  whose  "  system" 
nging,  sniffing,  whistling, 
ne  —  all  of  which  expedi- 
d  the  "curative"  means 
9 ;  nor  to  any  who  bridle 
lanical  appliances — forks 
I  between  the  lips,  bands 
bblea  in  the  month,  ct«., 


SELF- EFFORT  NECESSARY. 


18 


etc.  The  habit  of  stammering  can  only  be 
counteracted  by  the  cultivation  of  a  habit  of 
correct  speaking  founded  on  the  application 
of  natural  principles.  Respecting  these  there 
is  no  mystery  except  what  arises  from  the  little 
attention  that  has  been  paid  to  the  science  of 
speech. 

-  Instruction  must  be  sought  from  teachers 
whose  professional  position  is  a  guarantee 
against  deception.  If  no  encouragement  were 
given  by  too  credulous  stammerers  to  the  craft 
of  unqualified  "professors,"  respectable  teach- 
ers would  prepare  themselves  by  special  study 
for  this  important  department  of  work,  and 
the  stammerer's  perplexity  to  find  trustworthy 
skill  would  be  at  an  end. 

Self-effort  Necessary. 

But  with  the  best  assistance  the  stammerer 
must  work  out  his  own  cure.  He  cannot  be 
passive  in  the  matter.  He  must  clearly  ap- 
prehend the  principles  on  which  -he  is  to  pro- 
ceed, and  diUgently  apply  them.  Nor  must 
he,  in  this,  depend  too  much  on  the  watchful- 
ness of  his  instructor,  but  must  learn  to  watch 
over  himself.     His  perfect  release  from  the 


I'lJI If,  Jill 


!>:;i 


I  ;  S  iiii 


14  THE  FAULTS  OF  SPEECH. 

habit  will  require  time,  patience,  and  hopeM 
energetic  effort. 

Temporary  Relief. 

Immediate  temporary  relief  from  the  ohok' 
Ing  and  spasmodic  contortions  of  the  impedi- 
ment is  genertill}'  obtained  when  the  art  of 
managing  the  breath  is  acquired — and  this  is 
often  in  a  single  lesson.  The  stammerer  is 
apt  to  be  unduly  elated  at  this  stage,  and  to 
relax  his  watchftilness.  A  relapse  is  almost 
certain  to  be  the  consequence.  Besides,  other 
ftinctional  diiScultics  will  present  themselves, 
each  of  which  must  be  encountered  i  a  oour- 
c^eous  spirit,  and  mastered  separately. 

The  following  practical  directions  are  de- 
signed for  the  use  of  stammerers  who  may 
attempt  their  own  cure,  as  well  as  for  the 
guidance  of  parents,  governesses  and  school 
teachers. 


r^tt^^ff^^fpsBP^ 


MP 


OF  SPEECH. 
patience,  and  hopeftat 


y  Relief. 

)'  relief  from  the  ohok* 
tortious  of  the  impedi- 
iined  when  the  art  of 
i  acquired — and  this  is 
n.  The  stammerer  is 
I  at  this  stage,  and  to 
A  relapse  is  almost 
luence.  Besides,  other 
ill  present  themselves, 
enooontered  t  a  cour- 
iered separately, 
ncal  directions  are  de- 
stammerers  who  may 
re,  as  well  as  for  the 
governesses  and  school 


^^VSP^ 


PRACTICAL  DIRECTIONS 


FOR     THIS 


CURE     OF     STAMMERING 


AND 


MINOR    DEFECTS. 


■  ■- .  '■'    -  •'■-■■■  'i 


% . 


\^:fk 


JSiil;  ;; 


9!-  :!! 

si  ■'  ■ 


VmIm* 


^^Sr' 


»  s?".'  - 


THE    CURE    OF    STAMMERING. 

The  Breath.— Atmospheric  Pressure. 

|N  normal  breathing  the  lungs  are  filled 
by  atmospheric  pressure,  to  the  extent 
of  the  cavity  within  the  chest.  There  is  no 
suction — no  effort.  In  deep  breathing,  as  be- 
fore a  sigh,  the  inspiration  is  equally  easy  and 
unlabored.  The  cavity  within  the  chest  is  in- 
creased by  descent  of  the  diaphragm — the 
muscular  base  of  the  chest — as  well  as  by 
expansion  of  the  bony  flraraework — the  ribs, 
etc. —  but  atmospheric  pressure  fills  out  the 
lungs  to  occupy  the  entire  space  created  within 
the  chest. 

Air  Channels. 

The  external  apertures  for  the  entrance  of 
the  air  are  the  mouth  and  nostrils.  Both  these 
passages  meet  behind  the  mouth,  in  the  phar- 
3-nx  ;  and  the  pharynx  communicates  with  the 

17 


Iv't'il'i 


19 


THE  FAULTS   OF  SPEECH. 


m 


Mil  III 


windpipe.  At  the  top  of  the  windpipe,  be- 
tween it  and  the  pharynx,  is  the  organ  of 
Foice— the  larynx  —  through  which  all  air 
entering  the  lungs,  and  all  breath  leaving 
them,  must  pass.  In  order  to  make  inspiration 
silent  and  effortless  there  must  be  no  obstruc- 
tion or  conatriction  in  any  part  of  the  passage. 
Stammerers  attempt  to  "draw"  in  air  while 
the  aperture  of  the  larynx  is  either  closed  or 
greatly  narrowed,  and  even  while  the  mouth- 
passage  is  similarly  obstructed  by  positions  of 
the  tongue.  The  first  point  to  be  impressed 
on  the  stammerer's  mind,  then,  is  that  the 
lungs  ^Z{  (herMelves — that  no  effort  of  suction 
is  required ;  but  that  if  he  merely  raise  the 
chest,  with  the  passage  to  the  windpipe  open, 
he  cannot  prevent  the  longs  from  filling . 

JruptrotMrn  and  Expiration. 

Next,  considering  that  air  entering  the 
lungs  and  breath  escaping  fVom  them  must 
pass  through  the  same  channel,  it  is  obvious 
that  the  acts  of  inspiration  and  expiration 
must  be  alternate,  and  cannot  possibly  take 
place  simultaneously.  Stammerers,  however, 
endeavour  to  draw  in  air  at  the  same  time  that 


11^!   :;! 


U 


OF  SPEECH. 

p  of  the  windpipe,  be- 
irynx,  is  the  organ  of 
through  which  all  air 
nd  all  breath  leaving 
rder  to  make  inspiration 
jre  must  be  no  obstruc- 
ui}'  part  of  the  passage. 
0  "draw"  in  air  while 
ynx  is  either  closed  or 

even  while  the  mouth- 
structed  by  positions  of 

point  to  be  impressed 
nind,  then,  is  that  the 
that  no  effort  of  suction 

if  he  merely  raise  the 
e  to  the  windpipe  open, 
langs  ftt>m  tilling . 

nd  Expiration. 

that  air  entering  the 
aping  fVom  them  mast 
e  channel,  it  is  obvious 
)iration  and  expiration 
id  cannot  possibly  take 
Stammerers,  however, 
ur  at  the  same  time  that 


THE    VOICE. 


19 


they  are  making  muscular  efforts  to  expel  the 
breath.  The  first  condition  of  fVee  respiration 
is,  then,  a  ailent  pautte  to  replenish  the  lungs. 
Again,  in  stammering,  the  chest  is  violently 
heaved  and  pressed  down,  and  the  action  of 
the  diaphragm  is  downwards  instead  of  up- 
wards. The  action  of  the  diaphragm  may  be 
distinctly  seen  in  the  motion  of  the  abdomen. 
When  the  diaphragm  falls  (in  inspiration)  the 
abdomen  slightly  protrudes;  and  when  the 
diaphragm  rises  (in  expiration)  the  abdomen 
falls  inward.  The  chest  should  rise  and  fall 
but  little ;  it  should  be  kept  moderately  raised 
throughout  speech,  and  the  principal  action  of 
respiration  should  be  in  the  diaphragm.  The 
requisite  motion,  however,  is  very  slight,  and 
entirely  free  fk)m  Jerking.  The  stammerer 
must  practise  the  acts  of  inspiration  and  ex- 
piration until  they  are  practically,  as  well  as 
theoretically,  faultless. 

The  Voice. 

Voice  is  formed  by  the  breath  in  its  out- 
ward passage  setting  in  vibration  the  edges 
of  the  aperture  of  the  larynx — the  glottis. 
Stammerers  often  endeavour  to  form  voice  with 


'I'T 


10 


THE  FAULT 8    OF  SPEECU. 


ingoing  air;  but  in  general  they  doae  the 
glottis  in  the  effort  to  vocalize.  This  of  course 
stops  the  breath,  and  hence  the  choking  and 
other  distressing  symptoms  of  the  impediment. 
Voice  is  the  materiai  of  Speech.  This  fact, 
in  all  its  meaning,  the  stammerer  has  to  learn. 
His  efforts  ore  always  directed  elsewhere  than 
to  the  organ  of  voice.  He  moves  the  head, 
he  moves  the  Jaw,  be  moves  the  tongue,  he 
moves  his  limbn,  in  the  vain  attempt  to  force 
out  sound,  the  production  of  which  he  is  all 
the  time  preventing,  by  closing  the  passage 
through  which  only  voice  can  come.  Voice 
being  the  material  of  speech,  the  speaker  must 
have  voice,  whatever  else  he  lacks.  The  stam- 
merer must  not  stint  himself  of  this  material, 
nor  must  he  out  it  into  shreds  and  fragments ; 
but  he  must  acquire  command  of  a  fUll,  strong, 
unbroken  stream  of  sound. 

Exercise — Continuity  of  Voice. 

Haying  mastered  the  art  of  regulating  the 
breath,  the  stammerer's  next  step  must  be  to 
practise  the  continuous  production  of  voice. 
He  should  confine  himself  to  this  exerdse 
until  be  has  become  perfectly  familiar  with  all 


■  ■■m 


^^ 


WP 


7\    ?\ 


WfPS 


OF  SPEECH. 

general  they  close  the 
ocalize.  This  of  course 
lence  the  choking  and 
jins  of  the  impediment. 

of  Speech.    This  fact, 

stammerer  has  to  learn. 

lirected  elsewhere  than 

He  moves  the  head, 

moves  the  tongue,  he 
e  vain  attempt  to  force 
tion  of  which  he  is  all 
Sy  closing  the  passage 
Mce  can  come.  Voice 
peech,  the  speaker  must 
ise  he  lacks.  The  stam- 
iimself  of  this  material, 

shreds  and  fragments ; 
inmand  of  a  Aill,  strong, 
lund.   ' 

itinuity  of  Voice. 

lie  art  of  regulating  the 
's  next  step  must  be  to 
OS  production  of  voice, 
imself  to  this  exerdse 
erfectly  familiar  with  all 


ELEMENTAUY  SOUNDS. 


21 


TOoal  elements ;  re|K>ating  them  first  one  by 
one,  then  in  long  sequences,  and  then  in  com- 
binations, but  always  without  a  break  in  the 
continuity  of  ths  sound. 

The  following  are  the  elements  for  this  ox- 
ercire,  all  of  which  may  be  prolonged  ad  lib- 
itum: .  *•  , 

a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  ah,  nw,  oo,  oi,  ou ; 

,    ,  1,  m,  n,  ag,  v,  ^Ih,  z,  zh,  w,  y. 

These  elements  are  not  to  be  considered  as 
**  vowels"  and  *' consonants,"  but  simply  as 
voices,  each  of  which  has  precisely  the  same 
sound  in  the  throat ;  their  differences  arising 
solely  fVom  the  shape  of  the  mouth-passage. 

It  must  be  carefhlly  noted  that  the  names 
of  the  letters  will  be  useless  for  this  exercise ; 
the  actual  sounds  of  the  elements  must  be 
pronounced. 

How  to  Learn  Elementary  Sounds. 

The  re  der  unaccustomed  to  phonetic  analy- 
sis will  have  no  diflSculty  in  isolating  the  act- 
ual elementary  sounds,  if  he  will  simply  pro- 
long for  tome  seconds  the  elements  printed  in 


J*v^:'**»***'»'*^^  ' 


W'^ 


THE  FAULTS   OF  SPEECh'. 


^"riiir 


!•     II:.! 


'i<,i 


m\  , 


:■  •■!■ 


capitals  in  the  following  words,  as  coinnionly 
pronounced : 

feoL,  sceM,  vaiN,  soNG,  loaVo.  wiTH(dh), 
iS(z),  roiiGo(>!h);  We,  Yes,  Ale,  An,  EEl, 
End,  l8le(ahoe),  In,"  Old,  On,*  Use  (300), 
Us,  Arin(uh),  All  (aw),  OOae,  OWl(ahoo), 
Oil  (awcc) . 

The  use  to  be  made  of  the  power  which  will 
be  developed  by  this  exercise  is  all-important. 
The  sensation  of  throat>action  must  never  be 
lost  in  speaking.  When  old  tendencies  in- 
cline to  false  effort,  tha  stammerer  will  feel 
himself  off  the  voice,  like  a  locomotive  off  the 
rails.  Then,  instead  of  plugging  about  wildly 
at  random,  he  must  stop,  and  careAiUy  put 
himself  upon  the  track  again. 

There  are  three  elements  of  speech  which 
have  obatnicted  vocality,  and  cannot  be  pro- 
longed. These  are  B,  D,  and  G  (as  ingfo). 
They  are  often  tenible  stumbling-blocks  to  the 
stammerer :  but  his  never  to  be  forgotten  tal- 
isman is :  Voice  I  No  mouth-action  must  be 
allowed  to  interfere  with  throat-souhd  I 

There  is  another  class  of  elements  which 
are  entirely  non-vocai,  and  which  therefore 
tend  strongly  to  throw  the  stammerer  *'  oil'  the 


J\ 


r   OF  SPEECH. 

ig  words,  as  commonly 

»NG,leaVc.  wiTH(dh), 
e,  Yob,  Ale,  An,  EEl, 
;01d,  On,'  Usc(.voo), 
»),00ze,  OWl(ahoo), 

of  tho  power  which  will 
xercisc  is  all-important, 
ttt-action  must  never  be 
^hcn  old  tendencies  in- 
;h9  stammerer  will  feel 
like  a  locomotive  off  the 
)f  plutfging  about  wildly 
stop,  and  carefblly  put 
k  again. 

sments  of  speech  which 
ity,  and  cannot  be  pro- 
8,  D,  and  G  (as  in  go). 
3  stumbling-blocks  to  the 
lever  to  be  forgotten  tal- 
b  mouth-action  must  be 
rith  throat-souhd  1 
class  of  elements  which 
liy  and  which  therefore 
r  the  stammerer  "  ofl'  the 


DIFFICULT   ELEXENTS. 


ts 


folce."  These  are  P,  T,  K,  F,  Wh,  Tli,  8, 
8h,  11.  Each  of  these  ahonid  be  practised 
separately,  in  connection  with  a  vowel ;  and 
with  tho  principle  constantly  before  the  mind 
that  no  movah-aaion  must  be  allowed  to  in- 
terfere with  the  flow  of  thwat-aowid. 

Difficult  Elementa. 

Elements  that  present  special  difficulty  must 
be  made  the  subject  of  special  exercise,  thus : 
Prolong  any  throat-sound,  say  tho  vowel  oA, 
and  witliout  stopping  the  sound  introduce  the 
mouth-action  to  bo  pniutis>,d,  say  B,  thus : 

ah — bah — bah  —  bah — bah,  etc. 

It  will  be  .found  that  tho  mouth-action  does 
not  interfere  witli  the  continuity  of  the  throat- 
oound.  The  exercise  must  be  continued  until 
the  true  relation  between  the  two  kinds  of  ele- 
ments is  distinctly  felt  and  established  in  the 
mind. 

Tho  relation  between  the  throat  and  the 
mouth  in  speech  will  bo  understood  when  it  is 
stated  to  be  the  same  as  that  between  the 
sound-producing  part  of  the/Iule— the  mouth- 
hole —  ard  the  sound-modif^'ing  parts — tiie 


m 


¥n 


m 


m 


iiiii' 


M  TUB   FAULTS   OF  SPKECtl. 

flnger-holcs.  The  at^tion  of  the  flngcre  modi- 
flea,  without  Interrupting,  the  countl  produced 
at  the  mouth-hole ;  and  no  the  mouth-actiout 
in  epoech  modlf^',  without  Interrupting,  the 
■oand  prodiiued  In  the  throat.  Thia  n;latlon 
must  be  estahliahed  practically,  In  eonnwitlon 
with  the  clcmcnta  of  Bi)oeoli,  In  cane*  of  stam- 
mering,  and  all  difficulty,  and  dread  of  diffi- 
culty, will  certainly  sooner  or  later  diaappear. 
A  few  other  directions  will  complete  all 
that  Is  neoessaiy  to  be  attended  to  In  overoom- 
log  the  habit  of  stammering. 

The  Mouth  a  Tube. 

From  what  has  been  already  said,  it  will  be 
understood  that  all  effort  thrown  Into  the 
mouth,  jnw,  lips  or  tongue,  is  flitlle.  The 
mouth  should  l)c  as  nearly  as  possible  paerive, 
a  mere  tube  or  ftinncl  for  the  delivery  of  throat- 
sound.  The  moutb-tuhc  is  constantly  Tar}'lng 
In  shape  ;  but  It  Is  always  a  transmitter  only, 
and  never  au  originator  of  sound. 

The  Jave, 

A  ORBAT  deal  of  the  stammerer's  diffloully 
will  consist  in  subduing  the  upward  preMure 


■ff 


or  SPEECH. 

on  of  the  fingers  modl- 
ng,  the  conntl  produced 
d  HO  the  niouth-actloui 
thoiit  lnt*miptlng,  the 

0  throat.  This  nrlatlon 
ratitlcttlly,  In  connection 
i|)eeoh,  In  cuscb  of  Btam- 
ulty,  and  dread  of  dlffl- 
X)ner  or  later  disappear. 
}tion«  win  complete  all 

1  attended  to  In  overoom- 
nering.    «,, 

vah  a  Tub«. 

n  already  said,  It  will  be 
effort  thrown  Into  the 
■  tongue,  la  Mile.  The 
learly  aa  poeslble  paariiM, 
for  the  delivery  of  throat- 
lube  Is  constantly  varj-ing 
ilways  a  transmitter  only, 
tor  of  sound. 

le  Jaw. 

the  Btammerei'a  diffloulty 

ling  the  upward  preaeure 


TUE  HEAD.  It 

of  the  Jaw.  Whatever  action  the  jaw  has 
shonld  bo  downward ;  but  there  must  be  no 
pressure,  even  In  the  right  direction.  The 
practice  of  throwing  the  effort  of  spi^ch  back 
to  the  throat  will,  however,  speedily  relieve 
the  tendency  of  the  mouth-organs  to  oUug  to- 
gether. 

When  mechanical  assistance  may  be  neces- 
sary, a  paper-cutter  held  ogalnat  thr  etlges  of 
the  upper  teeth  will  manifest  any  undue  up- 
ward motion  of  the  Jaw,  while  it  will  not  pro- 
vent  the  moutli  from  opening.  The  paper- 
cutter  must  not  be  h«'l(l  between,  or  by,  the 
teeth.  When  the  maxillary  difficulty  has  been 
overcome,  the  lower  teeth  should  not  once 
touch  the  paper-cutter.  In  reudlng  or  speaking. 
A  gentle  contact  will  be  almost  unavoldoble 
In  forming  the  hissing  sounds,  but  even  this 
should  be  prevented  in  curative  exercise. 

■■.ivHr;;>;v«         The  Head.       ;^v..  .:.,*t. ,...'■■  . 

A  LOOSE  rising  motion  of  the  head  Is  almost 
a  universal  feature  in  stammering.  This  must 
be  subdued  before  power  can  be  obtained  over 
the  organs  of  speech.  The  head  should  be 
held  flnnly  on  the  neck,  so  that  even  a  con- 


.<^,.aa«e 


M    I'l 


M  THE   FAULTS    OF  SPEECH. 

siderable  preesiire  would  not  force  it  back. 
At  the  same  time  there  should  be  no  stilTnegs 
to  interfere  with  flree  motion.  The  fault  con- 
gists  in  lifting  the  head,  as  a  part  of  the  action 
of  speech ;  and  it  is  often  a  source  of  very 
great  difficulty.  The  jaw  cannot  be  controlled 
while  its  fblcrum,  the  head,  is  nnstable  and 
yielding. 

.         Spasmodic  Actions. 

With  reference  to  the  spasmodic  actions  of 
stammering,  which  sometimes  extend  over  the 
whole  body,  no  specific  directions  are  needed. 
They  invariably  disappear  when  the  breathing 
is  relieved. 

There  is  nothing  to  prevent  a  stammerer 
who  will  thoroughly  n.a8ter  the  principles  laid 
down  in  this  Treatise  and  diligently  aud  watch- 
ftilly  exercise  hw  voice,  from  perfectly  throw- 
ing off  the  fetters  of  impediment.  Many 
exercises  will  be  found  in  the  Author's  "Prin- 
ciples of  Speech,"  which  will  be  of  service. 
But,  while  a  study  of  the  whole  subject,  and 
a  knowledge  of  all  the  organic  actions,  as  ex- 
hibited in  "Visible  Speech/'  are  desirable,  if 
not  necessary,  for  teachers,  stammetera  shoold 


mmmmm'. 


^■jtwssdMasasmim 


utmstna 


T8    OF  SPEECB. 

ould  not  force  it  back, 
re  should  be  no  stifTness 

motion.  The  fault  con- 
id,  as  a  part  of  the  action 

often  a  source  of  very 
jaw  cannot  be  controlled 
le  head,  is  unstable  and 


die  Actions. 

the  spasmodic  actions  of 
}metime8  extend  over  the 
ifio  directions  are  needed, 
ppear  when  the  breathing 

to  prevent  a  stammerer 
n:a8ter  the  principles  laid 
and  diligently'  aud  watch- 
ice,  from  perfectly  tbrow- 
of  impediment.  Many 
nd  in  the  Author's  '^Frin- 
vhich  will  be  of  service, 
of  the  whole  subject,  and 
^e  organic  actions,  as  ex- 
Speech/'  are  desirable,  if 
wheriy  stanunerers  should 


BELF-  0B8EB  VA  TION. 


27 


not  allow  the  mind  to  be  diverted  from  the 
direct  and  simple  means  of  cure  sufficiently 
sot  forth  in  these  pages. 


K': 


;,  8df-  Obaervation. 

One  important  hint  remains  to  be  given. 
With  all  persons  speech-actions  are  so  purely 
habitual  that  without  watchAil  observation 
faults  may  long  remain  undiscovered.  This 
is  especially  true  in  reference  to  the  minutiae 
of  the  oi^anic  actions  on  the  rectification  of 
which  success  depends  in  cases  of  defect  or 
impediment.  The  stammerer  will  therefore 
find  the  use  of  a  mirror  a  most  valuable  anxil- 
iat}'  in  his  efforts  at  self-correction.  In  carry- 
ing out  the  prescribed  principles  for  the 
regulation  of  the  breath,  the  control  of  the 
liead  and  the  jaw,  the  proper  mechanism  of 
elementary  sounds,  etc.,  let  the  stanmterer 
seat  himself  befbre  a  mirror,  and  he  will  learn 
many  things  of  which  he  might  otherwise  have 
continued  unconscious.  Even  teachers,  id 
dealing  with  defects  and  impediment>  of 
speed),  should  place  their  pupils  befoi-e  a  mir- 
ror, as  the  readiest  means  of  giving  them 
command  over  the  organs  of  articulation.  To 


MM 


BRTr. 


28  THE  FAULTS   OF  BPEECH. 

this  ase  of  the  principle  of  '* reflection"  as  an 
aid  to  self-government^  the  poet^s  denonoia- 
tion  of 

"Attitude  and  stare,  and  start  theatric 
Practised  at  the  glass," 

has  no  applioabflity.  The  vocal  action  of 
singers,  as  well  as  speakers,  would  less  fre- 
qoently  offend  the  eye  if  students  were  tan^^t 
to  exercise  the  voice  before  a  glass,  that  they 
mi^t  **see  themselves  as  others  see  them." 

Capricious  DiffieuUies. 

It  is  a  very  carious  circumstance  that  stam* 
merers  who  are  powerless  in  the  presence  of 
friends  or  strangers,  generally  declare  that 
they  can  speak  freely  when  alone.  A  child, 
however,  or  even  a  cat,  in  the  room  ia  enough 
to  destroy  their  freedom.  The  proper  use  to 
make  of  this  fact  should  be  to  build  on  it  as 
a  ground  of  hopeftdness  and  confidence;  for 
it  proves  that  no  oi^anic  cause  exists  to  pre- 
vent success,  and  thus  disposes  of  the  mys- 
terious dread  of  physical  entailment.  But 
stammerers  are  often  the  v'.ctims  of  many 
equally  groundless  fancies: — supposing  Iheir 
infirmity  to  be  affected  by  certain  states  of  the 


m/m 


OF  8PEECB. 

of  ''reflection"  as  an 
the  poef  B  denonoia- 

and  atari  theatric 


The  vocal  action  of 
akers,  would  leaa  fte- 
f  stodents  were  tao^t 
fore  a  glass,  that  they 
as  others  see  them." 

DiffieuUies. 

irciunstance  that  stain- 
ess  in  the  presence  of 
generally  declare  that 
irhen  alone.  A  child, 
[  in  the  room  is  enough 
m.  The  proper  use  to 
id  be  to  build  on  it  as 
Bs  and  confidence;  for 
nic  cause  exists  to  pre- 
1  disposes  of  the  mys- 
iical  entailment.  But 
the  v'.ctims  of  many 
cies: — supposing  their 
by  certain  states  of  the 


AO&RAVANTS   OF  DIFFICULTY.      29 

atmosphere,  the  direction  of  the  wind,  or  the 
phases  of  the  moonl  Those  who  look  for 
such  associations  are  pretty  sure  to  find  them. 
But  they  cany  the  seekers  back  to  the  days 
of  witchcraft  and  the  "evil  eye" — to  days  of 
ignorance  1 

Aggravants  of  Difficulty. 

The  flinotion  of  art'culation  —  like  eveiy 
other  fluotion — is,  of  course,  affected  by  the 
condition  of  the  health — deranged  digestion, 
depression  of  spirits,  plqrsioal  debility,  etc. ; 
bat  these  aggravants  are  not  to  be  confounded 
with  original  oaoses  of  the  difBculty.  The 
fonner  will  disappear  and  still  leave  the  latter 
behind.  Ihe  stammerer  must  cast  off  idle 
snpentitloas  fears  and  fimcies,  and  act  to 
vaork  to  study  and  observe.  He  will  undoubt- 
edly find  that  " Knowledge  is  power;"  and 
that,  with  knowledge,  "Patience  and  perse- 
verance will  oonqaer  all  diflBoulties." 


wm 


^•rtsSHBP' 


?^ 


fr 


MINOR   FAULTS. 

|HE  Boft  palate  which  hangs  at  the  back 
of  the  month  acts  as  a  valve  on  the 
pawago  to  the  nose.  When  the  top  of  the 
soft  palate  is  arched  backwards  from  its  point 
of  Junction  with  the  hard  palate,  it  covers  the 
internal  nasal  u|)ertnre,  and  the  breath  passes 
altogether  through  the  mouth.  When  the  soft 
palate  is  relaxed  and  pendent  from  the  edge 
of  the  hard  palate,  the  breath  passes  partly 
through  the  nose  and  partly  through  the 
mouth ;  and  when  the  mouth-passage  is  closed 
(by  means  of  the  back  of  the  tongue,  as  in  ng; 
the  forepart  of  the  tongue,  a<i  in  n;  or  the 
lips,  as  in  m)  the  breath  passes  altogether  by 
the  nose.  A  knowledge  of  these  facts  will 
enable  any  person  to  oprrcct  the  habit  of  na- 
salizing vowels. 
The  chief  difficulty  lies  in  the  recognition 
80 


wmm 


«pp 


Till 


NASALIZma. 


81 


AULTS. 

ting. 

ich  hangs  «t  the  bsck 
^  as  a  valve  on  the 
When  the  top  of  the 
ikwards  ftvm  its  point 
d  palate,  it  coven  the 
and  the  breath  passes 
louth.  When  the  soft 
endent  flx>m  the  edge 
breath  passes  partly 
I  partly  throagh  the 
outh-passage  is  closed 
r  the  tongue,  as  in  ng; 
igae,  a^  in  n;  or  the 
I  passes  altogether  by 
;e  of  these  facts  will 
)rrcct  the  habit  of  na- 

ies  in  the  recognition 


by  the  ear  of  pure  oral  and  mixed  nasal  qual- 
ity. The  action  of  the  soft  palate  may,  how- 
ever, be  seen^  by  opening  the  mouth  very  wide 
in  pronouncing  the  vowels  ah  and  aw.  Then, 
by  pressing  on  the  top  of  the  soft  palate  with 
the  thumb,  or  with  the  india-rubber  end  of  a 
pencil,  the  internal  nasal  aiicrture  will  be  cov- 
ered, and  the  utterance  of  ah  and  aw  will  be 
purely  oral.  Repeat  these  vowels  with  and 
witfiout  the  mechanical  pressure,  and  after  a 
few  experiments  the  ear  will  distinguish  the 
difference  between  oral  and  nasal.  Practice 
on  other  vowels,  in  forming  which  the  soft 
palate  cannot  be  veen,  will  soon  develop  a 
fteting  of  the  difference. 
■;  But  the  readiest  way  to  gain  a  perception 
of  the  denasalizing  action  of  the  soft  palate 
will  be  by  the  following  exercise : 

Sound  the  consonants  m  b  without  separat- 
ing the  lips,  as  in  pronou|icing  the  word  embtr. 

The  change  fix>m  m  to  5  is  nothing  more  than 
the  covering  of  the  nasal  aperture  by  the  soft 
palate ;  and  the  change  ftom  &  to  m,  without 
separating  the  lips,  as  in  the  word  Mtfrmft,  is 
merely  the  uncovering  of  the  nasal  i^rture. 


III 


82 


THE  FAJJLTB  OF  SPEEOK 


The  tendency  to  nasalize  vowels  is  most  Jislt 
when  they  occur  immediately  befo;e  or  after 
nasal  consonants — m,  n  or  ng — but  many 
persons  nasalize  cveiy  vowel. 

The  French  elements  an,  en,  in,  on,  tin,  am, 
em,  etc.,  are  merely  nasalized  vowels. 

Th»  Atpirate. 

Thb  letter  II  represents  a  simple  and  nearly 
silent  emission  of  breath.  The  organs*  of 
sp<>«>ch  are  placed  in  the  position  for  the  sub- 
sequent vowel  before  the  emission  of  the  aspi- 
rate. Thus  h  in  the  words  he,  hay,  hie,  hoe, 
hah,  etc.,  has  the  oral  qudity  of  the  vowel  it 
precedes.  The  aspirate  is  not  the  same  as  a 
whispered  vowel,  for  the  words  hie  and  i», 
hand  and  and,  h<M  and  old,  hart  and  art  are 
clearly  distinguishable  when  whispered. 

H  is  sometbnes  roughened  faultily  by  a  gut- 
tural quality.  To  correct  this  habit,  breathe 
out  the  aspirate  silently. 

The  Cockney  conflision  ot  vowels  and  aspi- 
rates is  a  remarkable  fault  which  will  dis^>- 
pear  when  learners  are  taught  phonetically  in 
the  abecedarian  stage  of  edooation.  The  same 
person  who  says  aJl  for  haU  pronounces  haU 


T 


OF  SPSBOa 

ze  vowels  is  m^Mit  felt 
Uately  befo;e  or  after 
or  ng — bat  many 
owel. 

an,  en,  <n,  on,  un,  am, 
lalized  vowels. 

pirate. 

its  a  simple  and  nearly 

ith.     The  organs  of 

e  position  for  the  snb- 

s  emission  of  the  nspi- 

ords  he,  hay,  hie,  hoe, 

gntflity  of  the  vowel  it 

e  is  not  the  same  as  a 

the  words  hie  and  ie, 

old,  hart  and  art  are 

v^hen  whispered. 

Iiened  faultily  by  a  gut- 

eot  this  Imbit,  breathe 

r. 

}n  of  vowels  and  aspi- 
fault  which  will  disi49> 
taught  phonetically  in 
f  education.  The  same 
>r  haU  pronounces  hail 


VOCAL    C0KB0NANT8.  88 

for  ail,  and  so  proves  tliat  the  perverse  habit 
is  due  only  to  defective  elementary  training. 

H  is  omitted  in  pronouncing  the  words  heir, 
honeet,  honour,  hour,  humour,  and  their  deriv- 
atives. It  should  be  pn>uourf«d  in  herb,  hot- 
pital,  humble,  and  all  other  words. 

U  is  heard  instead  of  toh,  before  o,  as  In 
who,  whoKe,  whom,  whole. 

Vocal  Conaonante. 

TnB  following  consonants  are  respectively 
pairs  of  vocal  and  non-vocal  elements;  that 
is,  the  consonants  in  the  second  column  have 
precisely  the  same  oral  formation  as  those  in 
the  first  column,  but  with  the  addition  of 
throat-sound  or  murmur. 

MoiMwooi.  voeal. 

P B 

T D 

K Oasin^. 

V V 

WH W 

8 Z 

8H ZHulavMon. 

THMlniMn TU(-(iA)Min 

CH  as  in  church J  *hen. 

X(_m la)  aa  la  extend  .    .    .'    X(,^gz)aB\n 

extat. 


84 


THE  FAVufS   OF  BPMKCH. 


TheM  pairs  of  consoQunts  ore  oonftiied  by 
Oaelio  and  Welsh  spnnken,  who  substitute 
noU'Tooal  for  vocal  elements ;  and  by  Gkrroan 
speakers,  who  mis  up  the  elements  somotimes 
by  a  similar  substitution,  but  more  fhsquently 
by  the  ose  of  vocal  instead  of  non-vocal  ele- 
ments. CareAil  ezerdse  and  dbservatiou  will 
entirely  remove  these  diflScolties. 

l%iekne$$  of  Speech. 

Thb  consonants  t,  d,  n,  I,  r,  are  correct- 
ly formed  by  the  point  of  the  tongue  acting 
against  the  upper  gum ;  but  in  "  thick"  speech 
the  tongue  acts  agidnst  the  teeth,  or  the  point 
rests  on  the  lower  teeth  and  the  above  ele- 
ments are  imperfectly  fimned  by  the  surftoe 
of  the  tongue.  This  fault  is  unavoidable  when 
the  tongue  is  so  tied  to  the  bed  of  the  Jaw  that 
the  point  cannot  be  raised.  But  *'  thickness" 
has  not  always  this  excuse ;  it  is  often  the  re- 
sult of  a  childish  habit  of  sucking  the  tongue, 
that  should  have  been  "put  away"  with  the 
years  uf  childhood.  The  more  sharply  the 
tongue  can  be  pointed  upwards,  the  better  will 
(,  d,  n,  2,  and  r  be  formed.  The  tongue  should 
never  touch  the  lower  teeth  in  speech,  and  it 


or  sPEKcn. 

ante  ore  oonftued  by 
ikcn,  who  Bubttituto 
cnte ;  and  by  German 
c  elements  sometimes 
but  more  frequently 
lead  of  non-yocal  elo- 
e  and  ((baervatiou  will 
EBcoltiea. 

f  Speech. 

,  «,  I,  r,  are  coireot- 
of  the  tongue  acting 
but  in  "thick"  speech 
the  teeth,  or  the  point 
and  tjie  above  ele- 
KnTued  by  the  snrfluse 
It  is  unavoidable  wlien 
the  bed  of  the  Jaw  that 
ied.  But  "thickness" 
use ;  it  is  often  the  re- 
of  sucking  the  tongue, 
"put  away"  with  the 
rhe  more  sharply  the 
ipwards,  the  better  will 
Ml.  The  tongue  should 
Mth  in  speech,  and  it 


CONVEBSATIONAL  8LUBRINQ.       85 

should  never  oome  between  the  teeth  except 
for  the  single  element  th — dh^  and  then  to  a 
very  slight  extent.  In  (kct,  (k  is  best  formed 
with  the  tongue  belUnd,  instead  of  between, 
the  teeth- 

Oeatouoal  Faclti. 
ConvereiMonal  Slurring. 

Whem  a  person  unaccustomed  to  public 
speaking  has  occasion  to  address  an  audience, 
his  words  seem  to  run  together,  awl  it  is  only 
with  the  greatest  difBculty  that  their  purport 
can  be  gathered  by  a  hearer  at  a  little  distance. 
He  is  called  on  to  "q)eak  oat"  and  "speak 
op,"  but  increase  of  force  is  of  little  avail. 
He  has  to  learn  the  difRsrenoe  between  speak* 
ing  and  mumbling. 

Conversational  speech  is,  in  general,  very 
slovenly.  Ckwld  it  be  written  down  exactly 
as  we  hear  it,  the  speaker  would  not  recognize 
the  unintelligible  Jargon.    Thus : 

C!onvsashnlspeech  zngenlveslovnly. 

This  is  not  an  exaggjration  of  the  kind  of 
utterance  that  passes  current  in  social  life. 
The  chief  element   of   distant  audibiliir — 


mm 


IM 


^ijuyMliWiinii^^ 


■  M 


1^ 


M 


THE  FAULTS   OF  SPEMOE. 


throat-sound,  or  volco — is  so  curtailed  and 
slui  rod  out,  that  little  more  than  mouth-aotiona 
remain. 

Su^ained  Voice. 

The  very  reverse  must  be  the  n  lation  of 
throat  to  mouth  in  oratorical  speech.  Conso- 
nants may  be  softened  to  any  degree,  but 
vowels  must  be  given  fblly  and  nrith  swelling 
clearness.     Thus : 

cOnvEbsAsbUnAl  bpEEcb  Is  In  oEmEr- 
Al  vEhY  slOvEnlY. 

But  it  is  possible  to  soften  the  consonants 
too  much ;  to  soften  them  away  altogether,  as 
we  hear  from  some  yaw-yaw-yaw  speoken 
whose  utterance  is 

Vo*  et  preterea  nihU. 

In  good  delivery  every  element  should  be 
heard  in  its  proper  relation  to  other  elements ; 
every  syllable  in  its  proper  relation  to  other 
syllables ;  everj'  word  in  its  proper  relation  to 
other  words ;  every  sentence  in  its  proper  rela- 
tion to  other  sentences. 

Sustained  vooality  is  the  secret  of  gno<1 
oratorical  speech.     This  quality  has  perhaps 


|ie» 


"^ 


OF  BPEKOK 

— ia  BO  curtailed  and 
lore  than  moutb-aotiona 

Voict. 

UBt  bfl  the  nlation  of 
torical  speech.  Conso- 
d  to  any  degree,  but 
fkilly  and  with  dwelling 

bfEEch  Is  In  oEmEr- 

>  soften  the  consonants 
em  away  altogether,  as 
yaw-yaw-yaw  B|)eakers 

tena  nihil. 

rery  element  should  be 
ition  to  other  elements ; 
>roper  relation  to  other 
in  its  proper  relation  to 
ttence  in  its  proper  rela- 

• 

is  the  secret  of  good 
lis  quality  has  perhaps 


BU8TAINED    VOICE. 

never  been  bettor  illustrated  than  in  the  caoe 
of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Hpurgeon,  who,  with  no  ap- 
ponMit  cfrt>rt,  in  the  vast  Agricultural  Hall,  at 
Islington,  London,  made  himnoir  dlHtinotly 
heard  by  an  assemblage  of  twcnty-flve  tliou- 
sand  iK'rsons.*  There  could,  of  i-onrse,  he  no 
undue  softening  of  the  consonants  in  such 
dellvcrj',  nor,  on  the  other  hand^  was  any 
harshness  or  pmmincnce  of  oonsonant^action 
perceptible  oven  to  the  nearest  auditor. 

Some  coarseness  of  eflbot  to  ears  in  the  im- 
mediate vicinity  of  a  speaker  is  almost  un- 
avoidable in  order  to  secure  eflhotiveness  at  a 
distance.  Oratory  is  in  this  respect  analogous 
to  scene-pninting :  the  canvas  which  charms 
by  the  softness  of  its  depictions  when  viewed 
flrom  the  pro|)er  stand{)oint,  is  often  incredibly 
rough  to  a  close  inspector.  The  speaker,  then, 

•  I  WM  preMDk  on  one  of  the  oneaalont.  I  got  m  nur 
to  ttio  ipeaker  a*  possible,  wlUi  »iie  view  of  itudrlnK  hie 
nuinr.(Mi)ent  of  Uie  vocal  bellowi;  but  I  could  dlwover  no 
uuniuitl  Inbonr  or  itralnlnf.  All  wm  eaiy  tmi  natoral. 
I  wai  within  Are  feet  of  the  ipesker;  and  a  Mead  with 
whom  I  waa  to  compare  notee  took  the  moat  diaunt  aeat  ttvm 
the  platform.  We  counted  the  andiehce  by  meana  of  the 
uniform  ■crMona  Into  whioh  the  teaU  were  arranged,  and 
found  the  .  umber  of  hearera  waa  npwarda  of  >S,000.  The 
nearest  ear  waa  not  oftendad  by  beUowtng:  the  moat  dlotant 
loetnoayllable. 


THE  FAULTS   OF  SPKSOH. 


■i^'    i 


S  '    i 


mn  > 


may  without  offonoe  lay  on  bis  vowel  llgiita 
and  •hades  in  masses,  and  give  corresponding 
strength  and  firmness  to  his  consonant  out- 
lines, in  order  to  produce  the  right  effect  in 
the  farther  corners  and  galleries  of  his  audi- 
torium. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  percnssiveness  of 
good  oratorical  speech  is  not  due  to  chest- 
aotion — which  would  bo  laborious — but  to 
expansibility  of  the  pharynx,  the  cavity  at  the 
back  of  the  mouth  and  above  the  throat.  Dis- 
tension of  the  pharynx  may  be  phdnly  seen  in 
the  neck  of  a  player  on  the  bu]^  or  ooroei-a- 
piston. 

Mai  -  Retpiration. 

Thb  exhaustion  '  fter  vocal  effort  flrom  which 
many  public  speakers,  esp^wially  clergymen, 
suffer;  the  "clerical  sore-throat,"  which  by 
its  frequency  has  won  for  itself  a  place  in 
medical  terminology ;  and  the  wild  outbursts 
of  vociferation  which  throw  the  whole  physical 
frame  into  violent  action,  are  due  to  misman- 
agement of  the  ''vocal  beUows." 

The  principles  of  easy,  natural,  powerftil 
respiration  are  ttilly  explained  in  the  earlier 


i 


V   OF  BPESCB. 

\y  on  bii  Towel  Hgbta 
Mid  g've  corresponding 
to  his  oonionant  oat- 
uoe  the  right  effect  In 
i1  galleries  of  his  aadi- 

A  the  percnssiveness  of 
is  not  due  to  chest* 

bo  laborious — but  to 
•rynx,  the  cavity  at  the 

above  the  throat  Dis- 
c  may  be  plainly  seen  in 
n  the  bugle  or  oomeV*a- 


MAL'BKSPIItATIOJr.  M 

sectionfl  of  this  work.  Let  puldio  speakers 
develop  the  solidity  of  I'hcHt  aii<l  mubility  of 
diaphrngni  prcscrilH^d  for  tho  enfVanchisoinent 
of  stain mon>rfl  ttom  their  spasms  of  diffloulty, 
and  tlie  oratoricnl  di'li-cta  ossoeiatcd  with  ual- 
ruspirutioii — and  which  arc  so  often  painftil  in 
their  consequences — will  be  unknown. 

Oratorical  defects  in  tho  eccyreuive  manage- 
ment of  the  voice,  by  inflection  and  modula- 
tion, ore  extremely  common.  In  reference  to 
these  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  Author's 
'•Principles  of  Elocution."* 
"  roarth  •dltton,  1878.  Satom,  Mm*.,  J.  P.  BurbMk. 


tapirathn. 

r  vocal  effort  from  which 
especially  clergymen, 

sore-throat,"  which  by 
m  for  itself  a  place  in 

and  the  wild  outburst! 
throw  the  whole  physical 
ion,  are  due  to  misman- 
1  beUows." 

easy,  natural,  powerftal 
explained  in  the  earlier 


■^^^SB^kS 


ORGANIC  SUBSTITUTIONS. 


mr..;-  ;^ 


GREAT  variety  of  the  minor  defects 

of  speech  urise  trom  the  substitution  of 

one  ;jart  for  another  of  the  oral  organs.  The 
con  ection  of  such  defects  presents  no  difficulty 
to  one  who  is  familiar  with  the  true  formation 
of  the  elements  of  speech.  The  following 
classification  embraces  all  ordinary  defects  of 
this  kind.  The  directions  given  should  render 
self-correction  a  hopeftil  undertaking  in  any 
case,  however  long-established  may  ba  the 
habit. 

One  plan  of  exercise  should  regulate  teacher 
or  self-corrector  in  all  oases.  The  attempt  to 
introduce  a  new  elemeni  at  once  in  reading  or 
speaking  will  never  succeed.  Awkwardness 
and  habit  will  defeat  the  best  efforts  of  unac- 
customed organs.  Elementary  power  must 
first  be  gained.    Thus : 

40 


m 


m 


ORGANIC  SUBSTITUTIONS. 


41 


lUBSTITDTIONS. 


ety  of  the  minor  defects 
le  fW>iii  the  substitation  of 

of  the  oral  otgann.  The 
feots  presents  no  difflciiltj* 
u*  with  the  true  formation 

speech.  The  following 
«s  all  ordinary  defects  of 
ctions  given  should  render 
peflil  undertaking  in  any 
:-establi8hed    may  ba  the 

!ise  should  regulate  teacher 
all  oases.  The  attempt  to 
menv  at  once  In  reading  or 
-  succeed.  Awkwardness 
it  the  best  efforts  of  onac- 
Elementary  power  most 
lus: 


I.  Pronounce  the  element  s^oarately  again  and 
again,  until  it  becomes  eas}'  of  formation. 

II.  Practise  its  combination  with  a  single  votoel, 
and  continue  this  form  of  exercise  until 
rapid  reiteration  becomes  easy. 

III.  Practise  separately  all  the  consonant  com- 
binations into  which  the  element  enters. 

IV.  Pronounce  voords  or  sentences  containing 
the  element — repeating  each  quickly. 

v..  Introduce  the  corrected  eleroeut  in  read* 
ing,  by  slightly  holding  or  jroUmging  it  at 
each  recorrenoe,  until  the  habit  is  formed 
of  articulating  it  correctly  without  special 
effort. 

One  hour  of  systematic  exercise  regulated 
as  above,  will  do  more  than  a  week  of  desul- 
tory effort. 

J  —  DforQ. 

This  is  generally  an  infantile  defect,  and 
easily  u.  -ected  (see  page  3)  ;  but  if  no  efforts 
are  made  for  its  removal  at  an  early  age,  it 
will  continue  to  disfigure  even  adult  speech. 
When  we  hear  a  grown*np  boy  or  girl  saying 
"dood"  for  good,  and  "dive"  for  give,  the 
very  natural  assumption  is  that  there  must  be 


am 


,    w 


I: 


THE  FAULTS   OF  8PEECS 

a  congenital  canse  for  the  defect.  But  this  is 
a  mistake.  The  action  of  the  back  of  the 
tongue  only  requiree  to  be  developed.  Hold 
down  the  forepart  of  the  tongue,  and  the  back 
T?i!!  he  compelled  into  action.  Give  this  me- 
chanical assistance  in  pronouncing  the  words 

gayy  jwy*  go,  gawk,  gag. 

An  hour's  exercise  should  cure  this  defect. 

It  is  a  curious  fact  that  perhaps  three-fourths 
of  all  speakers  unconsciously  substitute  d  for 
g  in  the  initial  combination  gl,  as  in  glad, 
glide,  etc.  Indeed,  the  resemblance  in  sound 
is  so  close  tiiat  only  a  watchM  ear  will  dis- 
cover the  difference.    Try : 

diad,  dlide,  dlow,  dlo^ife,  dlory,  dioom. 
glad,  glide,  glow,  glove,  glory,  gloom. 

//.     Dhfar  B. 

Thc  formation  of  r,  as  that  letter  is  pro- 
nounced before  a  vowel,  requires  the  tip  of  the 
tongue  to  be  pointed  towards  the  upper  gum. 
In  this  defective  substitution  thc  tongue  lies 
flat,  and  acts  forward  against  the  teeth,  giving 
the  sound  of  a  soft  dA  (  « tA  as  in  then) ,  instead 
of  r.    Thus : 


Wmm 


masmsmmmmtm 


OF  8PEECB 

he  defect.  But  this  is 
n  of  the  back  of  the 
be  developed.  Hold 
e  tongue,  and  the  back 
tction.  Give  this  me- 
pronouncing  the  words 

,  gawk,  gag. 

lid  cure  this  defect. 
it  perhaps  three-fourths 
oiously  substitute  d  for 
■nation  gl,  as  in  gloA, 
resemblance  in  sound 
watchfbl  ear  will  dis* 
riy: 

fkfue,  dlory,  dloom. 
;love,  glor}',  gloom. 

^for  B. 

,  as  that  letter  is  pro- 
,  requires  the  tip  of  the 
>ward8  the  upper  gum. 
itution  the  tongue  lies 
igainst  the  teeth,  giving 
B  (A  as  in  (A«n) ,  instead 


OBGANIC  8UBBTITUTI0N8. 


48 


**A  pShetty  itOedhegting  bdhide." 
A  pretty  interesting  bride. 

InabUity  to  raise  the  tongue  is  generally  the 
cause  of  tills  defect.  To  effect  a  perfiect  cure 
the  tongue  may  require  to  be  loosened ;  but 
cnrefkil  exercise  will,  in  most  cases,  develop 
suflSdent  power  to  make  a  good — though  un- 
triUed — r  without  an  operation. 

in.^v  fw  a. 

This  Is  one  of  the  many  forms  of  defect 
arising  from  inaotivity  of  the  forepart  of  the 
tongue.  Sometimes  a  slight  «-ward  motion  is 
made  by  the  tongue  at  the  same  time  that  the 
lip's  movement  gives  sharpness  to  the  sibila- 
tiou.  To  correct  this  defect,  hold  down  the 
lower  lip,  and  see  the  teeth,  while  pronounc- 
ing ». 

JV.—Fpr  Th. 

This  defective  snbstitation  arises  from  the 
snme  cause  as  the  preceding — sluggishness 
of  the  tongue.  To  correct  it,  hold  down  the 
lower  lip  and  see  the  teeth  while  pronounc- 
ing fA. 

F  and  (A  are  so  mooh  alike  in  phonetic  effect 


w 


mi 


44 


THE  FAULTH   OF  til'EECn. 


that  this  substitution  might  almost  pass  nii« 
noticed  by  one  who  did  not  see  the  speaker's 
mouth.  The  resemblance  will  bo  manifest  in 
the  following  experiment : 

/re«i,    fifty,    firiy-free,    featre,  fimblt. 

three,  tUrt}',  thir^'-three,  theatre,  thimble. 

v.— Oh  for  R. 

This  Is  the  defect  commonly  called  '^Burr- 
ing," in  which  the  back  of  the  tongue  is 
brought  into  action  instead  of  the  point.  The 
^und  has  all  the  varieties  of  the  flront-lingual 
vibration — smooth,  when  the  soft  pali.te  is 
merely  approximated  to  the  back  of  the 
tongue ;  and  rough,  when  the  uvula  is  rattled 
against  the  tongue. 

This  defect  sometimes  arises  from  tongne- 
tiedness,  but  is  very  often  a  mere  habit  ac- 
quired by  imitation.  The  cure  is  by  no  means 
diflScult.  To  bring  the  point  of  the  tongue 
into  action,  prolong  the  vowel  aw  and  lift  the 
tip  of  the  tongue  till  it  almost  touches  the 
edge  of  the  palatal  arch.  Repeat  the  action 
a  number  of  times  without  stopping  the  vowel 
sound.  In  this  way  the  characteristic  vibra- 
tion of  r  will  be  {gradually  developed. 


7F 


OF  Sl'EECn. 

aight  almost  pass  nii- 
not  see  the  speaker's 
ice  will  be  manifest  iu 
It: 

ee,    featre,  fimbU. 
iree,  theatre,  thimble. 

for  R. 

iromonly  called  '^Burr- 
ock of  the  tongue  is 
ead  of  the  point.  The 
ies  of  the  IVont-lingual 
en  the  soft  palate  is 
to  the  back  of  the 
len  the  uvala  is  rattled 

>s  arises  from  tongne- 
iften  a  mere  habit  ac- 
he care  is  by  no  means 
e  point  of  the  tongue 
i  Towel  aw  and  lift  the 
it  almost  touches  the 
ih.  Repeat  the  action 
lOut  stopping  the  vowel 
le  characteristic  vibrfr> 
illy  developed. 


OaOANlO  SUBSTITUTIONS. 


45 


The  tongue  in  this  exercise  may  be  raised 
so  close  to  the  palate  as  to  produce  the  effect 
of  d — but  softly,  and  without  pressure,  thus ; 

aw — daw — daw — daw — daw,  etc. 

Gradually  endeavour  to  maintain  the  tongue 
in  this  close  approximation  to  the  palate  all 
the  time  that  b  continual  vocal  buzz  in  heard. 
This  is  a  rudimental  r.  Practice  on  this  new 
element,  according  to  the  directions  on  page 
41,  will  complete  the  cure. 

When  the  tongue  is  too  much  tied  to  the  bed 
of  the  Jaw,  the  true  vibration  cannot  be  per- 
fectly acquired  without  an  operation ;  but  the 
'*  burring"  may  at  least  be  disoontinaed,  and 
an  approximately  distinct  r  substitutod. 

n.-^L  /or  B. 

This  substitution  is  common  among  child- 
ren, the  articulation  of  {  being  easier  than  that 
of  r.  The  Chinese  never  pronounce  r,  but 
substitute  I.  The  two  sounds  are  produced 
by  the  action  of  the  same  part,  of  the  tongue 
— the  point ;  at  the  same  part  of  the  palate — 
the  upper  gum :  the  difference  being  that  the 
voice  passes  over  the  tip  of  the  tongue  for  r, 


\ 


•1 


I- 


46 


THX  FAULTS   OF  SPEECH. 


and  over  the  sides  for  I.  The  alternation  of 
these  letters  in  words  and  sentences  presents 
a  diffloalty  to  most  persons;  as  in  *' Truly 
rural/'  "  Rob  ran  along  the  lane  in  the  rain." 
"A  lump  of  raw,  red  liver,"  etc.* 

VII.— Lh  for  S  or  Sh. 

Thk  sibilants  «  and  sh  are  produced  by  the 
breath  passing  along  a  central  channel  over 
the  tongue  arched  towards  the  palate,  and 
with  more  or  less  elevation  of  the  point.  This 
defect  consists  in  passing  the  breath  over  one 
or  both  aides  of  the  tongue,  as  in  forming  I 
without  voice.  The  I  apertures  are  narrowed 
so  as  to  cau  jc  a  hissing,  not  unlike  that  of  the 
true  sibilants.  To  correct  this  fault,  the  first 
point  is  to  concentrate  the  breath  in  a  single 
central  channel.  The  channel  of  r  may  be 
used  as  a  guide ;  and  the  channel  of  y  will  also 
be  available.  Substitute  r  without  voice  for 
the  defective  ''cluttering"  a;  and  y  without 
voice  for  the  defective  sh.  By  arching  the 
middle  of  the  tongue  while  the  point  is  in  the 
position  for  r,  s  will  be  produced;   and  by 

•  Mnnf  exerolaes  on  tlMM  and  other  ditBenlt  oomblnationa 
will  be  found  in  the  Anthor's  "PrincipteB  «f  SpMch  wd 
Dictionary  of  Sonnda." 


seww 


^i^ 


OF  SPEECH. 

The  alternatioD  of 

nd  sentences  presents 

r^ons;    as  in  *' Truly 

the  lane  in  the  rain." 

irer,"  etc.* 

r  S  or  Sh. 

h  are  produced  by  the 
central  channel  over 
'ards  the  palate,  and 
ion  of  the  point.  This 
ig  the  breath  over  one 
nguc,  as  in  forming  I 
pertures  are  narrowed 
,  not  unlike  that  of  the 
ect  this  fault,  the  first 
the  breath  in  a  single 
channel  of  r  may  be 
e  channel  of  y  will  also 
te  r  without  voice  for 
ig"  « ;  and  y  without 
I  ah.  By  arehiug  the 
bile  the  point  is  in  the 
be  produced;  and  by 

d  other  diflloult  oombinationa 
"Principles  of  Speech  tt.i 


OBOANW  BUBBTITUTtONS. 


47 


raising  the  flfont  of  the  tongue  while  the  mid- 
dle is  in  the  position  for  y,  th  will  be  pvoduoed. 
The  sounds  obtained  may  at  first  be  very  im- 
perfect, but  they  will  work  into  form.  Per- 
luqw — as  often  happens — some  experimental 
or  accidental  shift  may  strike  the  true  position 
and  end  all  diflloulty.  The  hisses  must,  how- 
ever, be  perfected  as  dememta  before  any  at- 
tempt is  made  to  introduce  them  into  words 
and  sentences. 

VIIL—Nfor  Ng. 

Cbiu>bbm  who  pronounce  d  for  g  and  t  tor 
k,  of  course  sound  n  instead  of  ng.  But  the 
substitution  is  very  common  also  among  care- 
less speakers  in  pronouncing  the  termination 
in^ :  as  in  meetm,  eoMn,  and  drinkin,  tot  meet- 
ing, eating  and  drinking.  This  substitution 
is  universal  in  Scotland.  In  the  words  length 
and  strength  the  nj^r  is  very  apt  to  be  changed 
into  n  for  ease  of  pronunciation.  The  sounds 
of  ky  g  aiad  ng  are  pronounced  by  the  very 
same  organic  action — contact  sod  separation 
of  the  back  of  the  tongue  and  the  soft  pal- 
ate :  the  difi'erences  being  that  k  is  non-vooal, 
g  vocal,  and  ng  nasc-vooal. 


THB  FAULTS   OF  8PEMGB 


.1; 


IX.— Ng  for  L. 

This  Bubstltation  b  a  not  unoominon  aooom- 
paniment  of  barring,  arising  (W>ni  the  same 
inability— or  habitual  difBcnlty— in  raising 
the  point  of  the  tongue.  The  effect  of  ng  at 
the  beginning  of  a  syllable  is  very  peculiar,  as 
tiuit  element  is  ne'er  iLitial  in  English.  Thu^ ; 

ft^ove,  vgord^  nfody,  nget  toeng  at  gone. 
love,    lord,    lady,    let  well  alone. 

The  formation  of  I  has  been  explained  above 
(see  page  45) .  Some  assistance  in  correcting 
this  defoct  ^rilt  be  obtained,  at  firctt,  by  holding 
the  noutrLlA.^  to  prevent  emionion  of  sound  by 
the  nose. 


X.—NgM  N. 

This  is  an  allowed  assimilation,  not  a  defeot, 
when  n  ooonrs  before  fc  in  the  aasie  syllable, 
as  in 

ingk^  rangk,  mongk)  trungk. 
ink,  rank,  monk,  trunk. 

It  woald  be  diflksult  to  articulate  n  in  these 
words. 
The  same  substitution  id  ng  tax  n  takes 


i  -^asiiitaMMiitt.^ 


OF  SPSMtJB 

^  for  L. 

not  unoommon  aooom- 
irising  from  the  same 

difBculty— in  raising 
).  The  effect  of  ng  at 
ible  is  very  pecoliar,  as 
;tial  in  English.  Thu^; 

,  njfet  viVRg  w.^o/m. 
let  well  alone. 

s  been  explained  above 

assistance  in  conrecting 

ned,  at  firctt,  by  holding 

eroioftion  of  sound  by 


similation,  not  a  defJBOt, 
b  in  the  aaaie  syllable* 

nonk,  trunk. 

o  artioolate  n  in  these 

ion  <tf  «v  fi»  n  takes 


mmmmm 


OnQAXW   aUBSTlTUTIOiVS. 


49 
in 


place— but  not  uniformly— before  g; 

angger,  Jlngger,  longger,  langgtiage. 
anger,  finger,  longer,  language. 

Foreigners  are  unnecessarily  pnzsled  by  the 
anomaly  between  such  words  and  hanger,  sing- 
er, wronger,  etc.,  where  tlie  ng  represents  a 
single  consonant. 

XI.—Ngg  for  Ng. 

This  is  a  Cockney  peculiarity,  ooourring 
ohiefly  where  ng  is  followed  by  a  vowel,  a«  in 

aingging,  aing-g-a  $ong. 
singing,  sing  a  song. 
The  correction  of  this  defect  will  be  assisted 
at  first  by  a  slight  stop  between  the  ng  and  the 
vowel. 

XIL     Nh  for  S. 

Thb  effect  represented  by  nA  is  n  without 
voice — a  simple  breathing  tlirongh  the  nose 
while  the  tongue  is  in  the  position  for  n.  This 
defisot  is  generally  attributed  to  a  congenital 
organic  cause ;  but  when  it  occurs  as  the  sin- 
gle naMl  peculiarity  of  a  speaker,  it  may  be 
confidently  pronounced  to  be  merely  a  owreo- 


Mma 


THE  FAULTS   OF  BPKSCB. 


tible  habit.  Amiatanoe  will  be  derived  at  first 
fVom  a  mcchanioal  prevention  of  nasal  emis- 
sion — by  pinching  the  nostrils;  and  also  by 
blowing  a  feather  off  the  hand  held  before  the 
mouth. 

When  oral  emission  has  thus  been  obtained 
the  means  already  prescribed  for  acquiring  the 
s  sibilation  (see  page  46) ,  will  be  eflbotual  in 
curing  ihe  ungainly  sniffling  of  this  defaot. 

XIII.    S  for  Sh,  and  Sh  for  8. 

Thbsb  two  forms  of  defective  sibilation  will 
be  corrected  by  the  means  pointed  out  in  pre- 
vious sections.  The  shades  of  difference  in 
hissing  sounds  are  numerous :  roan}*  sibilations 
sre  heard  of  an  intermediate  kind,  and  which 
partake  more  or  less  of  the  characteristics  of 
one  or  the  other  of  the  representative  sibilants. 
Organic  malformation  sometimes  prevents  a 
perfect  rectification — as  irregulakily  of  the 
teeth ;  inability  to  close  the  Jaws ;  projecting 
or  reiAiating  Jaw,  etc.— but  even  in  the  worst 
of  such  cases,  improvement  will  foUow  intelli- 
gent effort.  In  M  cases  where  no  maUbrma- 
tion  exists,  the  sibilants  may  be  actuated  to  a 
normal  standard. 


}',*' 


■»''^f»^ 


p 


OF  aPSSCB. 

irill  be  dorived  at  first 
ention  of  ntwal  emis- 
Dostrils;  and  also  by 
I  hand  held  before  tJie 

AS  thus  been  obtained 
Ibed  for  acquiring  the 
),  will  be  eflbotoal  in 
ling  of  this  defect. 

and  Sh  for  S. 

efective  sibilation  will 
Qs  pointed  out  in  pre- 
ades  of  difference  in 
XHis :  many  sibilations 
iiate  kind,  and  whioh 
the  characteristics  of 
presentative  sibilants, 
ometimes  prevents  a 
I  irreguUkity  of  the 
the  Jaws ;  projecting 
but  even  in  the  worst 
ent  will  foliow  intelli* 
I  where  no  malforaui- 
may  be  a^fusted  to  a 


OaOAJflC  BUBSTITUTIONS. 


51 


The  teeth  require  to  be  very  close  in  pro- 
nouncing $  and  »h.  They  should  not  touch, 
but  their  separation  can  not  be  greater  than 
the  thickness  of  a  paper-cutter  without  produc- 
ing some  peouliarity. 

The  alternation  of  «  and  sA— like  that  of  r 
and  {—presents  a  difficulty  to  most  persons, 
as  in  ''Such  a  sash."  "A  shot  silk  saah." 
*' A  shabby  sash,"  etc.* 

XIV.— 8  M  Tk  and  Z  for  Dh. 

Tms  substitution  is  made  by  French  speak- 
ers, whose  native  language  does  not  oontidn 
the  sounds  of  th  and  dh.  Imitation  might  be 
expected  to  teach  the  foreigner  so  obvious  an 
arti(»lation ;  yet  those  who  have  spoken  I^g- 
lish  for  years  may  still  be  heard  saying  "I 
sink"  for  I  think,  and  ''  sat"  for  that.  A  few 
minutes'  ezerolee  suffices  to  cure  this  defect. 

XV.— T  for  K. 

Tm  directions  given  on  page  41  for  the  oor- 
reotion  of  the  defbct  "  I>  for  G","  apply  equally 
to  the  kindred  etonents  (  and  ft,  which  art 

•8MBOte,vtg«43. 


■    J[%=-.!.'=*-*(^^Vl,-|*V*»4'- 


6S 


THE  FAULTS   OF  8PKMCB. 


infirely  the  non«vooal  forms  of  d  and  g,    (8e« 
p*g«88.) 

The  onoonsoiooB  use  of  t  Ineteml  of  e  (■■  k) 
in  the  oombioAtion  d  is  also  m  common  as  that 
ofdfor^.    Thus: 

tfay,  Oaim,  Hew,  ttaim,  iUver,  tlotg. 
day,  olaw,  dew,  claim,  dev^r,  dose. 

XVI.—ThJbrS. 

This  is  the  defect  commonly  called  *'  Lisp- 
ing." The  relation  between  th  and  •  is  the 
same  as  that  between  I  and  r.  The  breath 
escapee  by  a  central  aperture  for  « — as  for  r; 
and  by  lateral  apertures  for  th — as  for  I.  In 
forming  r  and  I  the  middle  of  the  toogne  is 
^ncave  and  the  point  sharply  raised :  in  form- 
ing •  and  th  the  middle  of  the  tongue  is  oon- 
vox,  and  the  point  flattened  out.  The  central 
channel  for  a  is  over  the  top  of  the  point  of 
the  tongue ;  that  for  r  is  over  the  end  of  the 
tip.  The  lateral  apertures  for  th  are  between 
the  edges  of  the  point  of  the  tongue  and  the 
U;eth,  or  the  upper  gum ;  those  for  /  are  be- 
tween the  body  of  the  tongue  and  the  side,  or 
back,  teeth.    The  spertures  for  th  are  inter 


OF  SPEECH. 
mi«  of  d  and  g.    (8e« 

it  t  inatemlofe  (-ik) 
klio  M  common  m  that 


i{«n,  tievtr.  Hot. 
liiDi  olev't^r,  doM. 

nunonly  called  *'  Ltsp- 
ireen  th  and  •  1*  the 
[  and  r.  The  breath 
erture  for  « — as  for  r; 
I  for  th — aa  for  I.  In 
[ddle  of  the  toogne  is 
larply  raised :  in  form- 
of  the  tongue  is  oon^ 
med  out.  The  central 
lie  top  of  the  point  of 
is  over  the  end  of  the 
ires  for  th  are  between 
of  the  tongue  and  the 
n ;  those  for  /  are  be- 
ongue  and  the  side,  or 
tnres  for  th  are  inter- 


OBOANIC  aUBSTlTUTIOSS. 


ftS 


atltlal,  and  so  cause  hissing  of  the  breath ; 
those  for  /  are  wide,  and  allow  the  voice  to 
pass  with  vowel  purity.  The  I  channels  may. 
however,  be  narrowed  so  as  to  produce  slblla- 
tlon,  and  this  is  one  form  of  defeotlve  substi- 
tution for  «.     (Hee  page  46.) 

Lisping  is  easily  cured.  But  some  persons 
affect  the  lisp  as  a  symbol  of  childish  artless- 
ness,  and,  like  Orlando  of  his  love-disease, 
"would  not  be  cured."  A  better  means  of 
displaying  simplicity  and  innocence  might  be 
suggested;  but 

"(i«  f/rutOivu  wm  «K  dttputandwm." 

The  correction  of  the  habit  of  lisping  will 
be  fkoilitated  at  first  by  mechanically  prevent- 
ing the  tongue  ftom  touching  the  front  teeth. 
The  edge  of  a  paper-cutter  may  be  used  to 
push  back  the  tip  of  the  tongue. 

The  tongue  should  be  altogether  out  of  sight 
infi»ming«. 

XVIL—VfoT  Dh. 

Tm  remarks  on  "Ffor  Th"  equaUy  apply 
to  these,  the  vocal  forms  of  the  same  artlco* 
lations.     (See  page  48.) 


\W\ 


\t.m 


-a 


iJt.;i 


!m 


54 


TI.TE  FAULTS   OF  SPEECP. 


XVIII.—  Vfor  Z. 

Thb  dcrections  on  cage  43  apply  eqimlly  to 
these  eliinents,  nbicb  are  merely  vocal  forms 
of  /  and  8. 

XIX.— V for  Wand  W for  V. 

Tbbbb  is  a  tendency  to  confound  these  con- 
sonants when  they  occur  in  alternation,  as 
manifested  in  the  Cockney's  "werry  veil"  for 
very  weli. 

French  and  German  speakers,  whose  ver- 
nacular recognizes  no  sound  exactly  corre- 
sponding to  the  English  to,  pronounce  v  instead 
of  it.  The  French,  however,  use  the  true 
sound  of  to  in  pronouncing  their  diagraph  ot, 
as  iu  80tV,  &otVe,  oUeaux,  etc. 

The  German  w  has  the  same  labial  action  as 
the  English  element,  but  with  a  difference  in 
the  position  of  the  tongue,  whic'u  is  advanced 
for  the  G  erman  and  i-etracted  for  the  English  w. 

Foreigners  can  be  tiugbt  the  knack  of  the 
English  element  pei  "eotly.  Imitation  is  obvi- 
ously worthless  for  their  direction.  Mechani- 
cal assistance  will  overcome  the  difficulty. 
Thus :  sound  the  trowel  oo  for  some  seconds, 


"S   OF  aPEECP. 

.—  V  far  Z. 

page  43  apply  equally  to 
li  are  merely  vocal  fonns 

W  and  Wfor  V. 

iy  to  confound  these  con- 
ocsur  in  alternation,  as 
>ckney'8  "werry  veil"  for 

lan  speakers,  whose  ver- 
no  sound  exactly  oorre- 
ish  w,  pronounce  v  instead 
,  however,  use  the  true 
luncing  their  diagraph  ot, 
aux,  eto. 

)  the  same  labial  action  as 
,  but  with  a  difference  in 
>Qgue,  whic'u  is  advanced 
jtracted  for  the  English  w. 
» ti'ugbt  the  knack  of  the 
%ctly.  Imitation  is  obvi- 
JUeir  direction.  Meohfmi- 
overcome  the  difficulty, 
wel  oo  for  some  seconds, 


OBQANIC  SUBBTITUTIONS. 


55 


and  during  the  continuance  of  th<3  sound  gently 
approximate  the  centre  of  the  lips  with  the 
finger  and  thumb  a  number  of  times.  The 
vowel  oo  will  be  changed  into  the  word 

woo^  woo,  wooy  woo,  woo, 

and  tiie  consonant  to  in  its  most  difficult  com- 
bination will  be  the  result. 

English  readers  may,  in  the  same  way,  per- 
fectly acquire  the  knack  of  pronouncing  the 
German  w.  Thus:  sound  the  vowel  ee  for 
some  seconds,  and  during  the  continuance,  of 
the  sound  gently  approximate  the  centre  of  the 
lips  with  the  finger  and  thumb  a  number  of 
times.  The  vowel  will  be  changed  by  every 
action  into  a  true  German  pronunciation  of  the 
word 

tofe,  to<e,  toie,  tine,  wie. 

The  phonetic  resemblance  of  the  German  to 
to  the  English  v  will  be  recognized  in  this  ex- 
periment. The  articulativo  actions  are,  how- 
ever, different,  and  the  English  student  of 
German  should  profit  by  the  lesson  and  dis- 
tinguish in  fbture  between  English  v  and  G«r- 
man  t0. 


•!mm\ 


56 


THE  FAULTS    OF  SPEECH. 


\>'\ 


f.i 


ft  i  :;:    ■ ']  ! 


XX.—  W/orL. 

Tme  subdtitntion  is  due  to  lingual  lazineBS. 
The  tongue  lolling  on  the  bed  of  the  jaw  sur- 
renders its  proper  Ainctions  to  any  part  of  the 
organs  that  can  be  got  to  undertake  tbcm.  In 
this  case  the  lips  are  obliging,  and  we  hear : 

"  Wet  the  wady  wait  a  wittoo." 
Let  the  lady  wait  a  little. 

The  existence  of  such  defects  is  a  disgrace. 
No  difficulty  attends  their  correction,  and  they 
should  never  have  quitted  the  nursery. 

XXL— W  for  B. 

It  IS  the  most  difficult  of  all  the  consonants 
for  children  to  learn,  and  it  is,  of  all  elements 
of  speech,  the  most  variously  pronouuoed  in 
languages  and  dialects  and  among  individual 
speakers.  When  the  r  is  trilled — as  in  Scot- 
land— the  sound  is  nearly  uniform,  but  the 
less  definite  varieties  heard  in  England  and 
America  differ  greatly.  The  American  r 
scarcely  uses  the  point  of  the  tongue  at  all, 
but  has  a  glide-soimd  approximating  to  that 
of  y,  while,  between  vowels,  the  r  is  modified 
by  the  lips,  as  in  "  wjy." 


OF  SPEECH. 

'for  L. 

lue  to  lingual  laziness, 
le  bed  of  the  jaw  snr- 
ions  to  any  part  of  the 

0  undertake  thorn.  In 
ligiug,  and  we  hear : 

wait  a  wittoo." 
wait  a  little. 

1  defects  is  a  disgrace. 
!ir  correction,  and  they 
3d  the  nursery. 

r/or  R. 

^  of  all  the  consonants 
d  it  is,  of  all  elements 
riously  pronouuoed  in 
and  among  individual 
is  trilled — as  in  Scot- 
?arly  uniform,  but  the 
teard  in  England  and 
r.  The  American  r 
of  the  tongue  at  all, 
approximatii^  to  that 
wels,  the  r  is  modified 


OBQANIC  SUBSTITUTIONS. 


67 


In  Ei^land  the  r — final  or  before  a  conso- 
nant— has  the  vocality  of  a  vowel ;  and  even 
the  initial  r  has  little  of  the  firieativeness  of  a 
consonant. 

The  substitution  of  w  for  r  is  a  favourite 
dandyism  in  English  speech,  and  generally 
accompanies  the  aw — aw — aw  of 

'^Awiatocwatic  dwawl." 
Aristocratic  drawl. 

Those  who  have  acquired  the  habit  of  using 
w  for  r,  otherwise  than  as  an  uti'ectation,  or  of 
mixing  the  sounds  of  w  and  r,  may  easily  cure 
themselves  by  the  means  recommended  on 
page  43  for  the  delabialisin^s  of  s,  namely : 
Hold  down  the  lower  lip  with  the  finger,  and 
see  the  teeth  while  pronouncing  r. 

XXII.— W  for  Wh. 

Wh  IS  to  to  precisely  what /is  to  v,  or  » to 
z — the  non-vocal  form  of  the  same  articulative 
action.  Speakers  who  make  no  difference  be- 
tween these  elements  confound  "whey"  with 
way,  "which"  with  witch,  "whale"  with  wail, 
"whether"  with  weather;  and  put  their  hear- 
ers to  unnecessary  trouble  to  unriddle  their 


ifi'iiiiiii ii« ^iirmr  t T"'mi  ti-'  in' 


.gi:^_.j--5ftt-.-:-'-'. 


68 


THE  FAULT8   OF  SPEECH. 


unbigaitics.  Refinement  consists  in  the  pfe* 
serration  of  nice  distirstions ;  and  no  speaker 
with  any  pretensions  to  refinement  will  willing- 
ly forego  sadi  a  source  of  distinctiveness  as 
tiie  proper  pronunciation  of  these  and  all  ele- 
mentaiy  sounds. 
Codmey  speech  has  no  wh. 


iJii  I  , .     II  r 


")¥  SPEECH. 

t  consists  in  the  pre- 

ions ;  and  no  speaker 

efinement  will  williog- 

of  distinctiTeneflB  as 

of  these  acd  all  ele- 


yvoh. 


r 


POSTSCRIPT 


TO 


SECOND    EDITION. 


^ 


POSTSCRIPT  TO  SECOND  EDITION. 


NEW  Editiou  of  this  little  book  having 
been  called  for,  the  opportanit}-  is  pre- 
sented for  adding  an}-  Airther  observations  or 
directions  that  may  seem  necessary.  The  highly 
condensed  matter  in  these  pages  could  easily  be 
expanded  so  as  to  flU  a  volume ;  but  the  pre- 
cision of  the  Treatise  in  its  present  form  is 
one  of  ts  chief  recommendations  for  the  actual 
work  of  rectifying  the  "Faults  of  Speech." 
Some  little  peculiarity  in  the  action  of  a  single 
organ,  or  in  the  mode  of  pronouncing  a  single 
elementary  sound,  has  the  effect  of  rendering 
the  whole  of  speech  peculiar ;  and  the  work  of 
correction  is  incredibly  simple  when  the  fault 
is  merely  traced  to  its  mechanical  cause.  The 
list  of  such  mechanical  causes  of  defects  in 
speech;  herein  contained,  is  not  only  extensive 
but  complete. 


»nn 


Hi! 


r  ^ 

3t     t 

i\ 

8 

( 

1 

1 

.  i    ■ 

6S 


POSTSCHiPT. 


Th«  eflteot  of  ignorance  on  this  subject  is 
often  serious  and  pidnAil.     On  one  occasion  a 
gentleman  came  to  the  author  with  a  defect 
,hli>.'   greatly  marred  his  whole  utter  .ice,  y«t 
W       ii  R«>.  ?)  simply  'torn  the  habit  oi  substituting 
o»S:U  i>r  oral  emission  in  forming  the  sibilant 
.sonants— the  "fault"  described  in  Section 
My.    »ge  49.     In  this  case  a  surgical  opera- 
alio.  J  .*v?  been  performed,  which  had  subjected 
the  patient  to  months  of  entfering,  while  the 
defect  arose  firom  no  organic  malformation,  but 
merely  from  a  mechanical  habit  which  might 
have  been  checked  in  childhood,  &»  it  was  per- 
fectly checked  within  a  week  of  instruction. 

Stammerers  have  been  bewildered  more  than 
benefitted  by  the  theories  of  cause  and  cure  of 
their  impediment,  and  the  extensive  terminol- 
ogy given  to  its  many  varieties.  In  nearly  all 
cases,  the  source  of  difficulty  is  a  failure  in 
some  simple  principle  of  phonation  or  orgaiiic 
action,  to  which  alone  attention  requires  to  W. 
directed.  The  chief  points  for  the  stammerer's 
consideration  and  extAjise— whatever  peculiar- 
ity any  casu  may  seem  to  present — will  be 
found  set  forth  in  the  preceding  pages.    Let 


«i 


|ce  on  this  subject  is 
On  one  occasion  a 
author  with  a  defect 
is  whole  utter  .tioe,  y"* 
habit  ot  substituting 
n  forming  the  sibilant 
"  described  in  Section 
case  a  surgical  opera- 
d,  which  had  subjected 
jf  suffering,  while  the 
anio  malformation,  but 
cal  habit  which  might 
ildbood,  &f\  it  was  per- 
week  of  instruction. 
n  bewildered  more  than 
?8  of  cause  and  cure  of 
the  extensive  terminol- 
'arieties.     In  nearly  all 
ifflculty  is  a  failure  in 
>f  phonation  or  organic 
ittention  requires  to  be 
ints  for  the  stammerer's 
se — whatever  peculiar- 
a  to  present — will  be 
preceding  pages.     Let 


POITSCRIPT  II 

thow  be  cwenilly  itudicd,  and  the  principles 
Pi'unerin7'"  applied,  without  thought  of 
"  w^ntaneous  nerve  ai-tions"  or  tt-y  jthei 
ntondlte  theories,  and  in  « he  vast  u.:*nrit-  of 
oases  relief  ./ill  » a  ,,^rtai..ly  attained.  ' 

The  principles  of  vocal  respiration  are  all- 
imjiortunt,  not  only  to  stammerers,  but  to  pub- 
lic speakers,   readers  and    singers.      Claims 
have  been  set  up  to  the  rcceut  discovery  of  the 
proper. ^motion  of  the  diaphragm  in  breathing ; 
but  this   'discovery"  will  be  found  flilly  cm- 
X)died  in   the  Author's   New  Elucidation  of 
the    Principles    of    Speech    and    ElocKtum, 
published  in  1849.     The  simple  fundamental 
principles  of  breathing  cannot  be  too  clearly 
apprehended.     The  reader  is  referred  to  page. 
'7-19  for  definite  instruction  on  this  subject. 
Teachers  who  undertake  the  rectification  of 
faults  of  speech  should  study  ihe  mechanism  of 
articulation  as  exhibited   iu   the  symbols  of 
"Visible  Speech."    The  phonetic  elements  of 
languages,  and  their  mutual  relations,  are  so 
depicted  in  these  symbols  that  all  difficulty 
w  removed  (torn  this  otherwise  difficult  study. 
The  text  Iwok  Sounds  and  their  S^^ions,  ex- 


!• 


>■•  iiinwijL.v.^'a 


64 


poarscRiPT. 


htbited  in  VUdble  Speech,*  may  »»  obtuln*  I 
through  any  bookBcller.  The  Viaible  Upeevk 
l?«ad«r,t  (adapted  for  children)  may  aliio  b« 
used  with  advantage  U)  facilitate  the  acquisi- 
tion of  Eogllah  sounds  by  teacher  or  pupil 

A.  M.  B. 
WMT  Washikotow,  D.  C, 
Octolwr,  1883. 


•  Prtae  ♦!  JO,  poaUpaW,  flrom  tli«  pabH«h«r  of  thl»  Wort. 


:ript. 

[jfc,*  may  l»e  obtulne  I 
.  The  Vialble  fipeet'h 
children)  may  also  b« 
o  faclUtate  the  acqnlai- 
by  teaeher  or  pupil 

A.  M.  B. 
C. 


I  tiM  publlnhar  of  lhl»  Work. 
wnU. 


APPENDIX 


ooRTAnraio 


TABLES  AND  EXERCISES. 


MOSIjgHHHkl* 


"!■ 


\i 


APPENDIX. 


Table  qf  ConaonanU. 

|HE  following  tabic  contains  all  Englioli 

clomentfl,  and  others  refurrod  to  in  the 

procoding  pages. 


Oral. 


Natnl  Kmiuton. 


non-vooal 


Oral 


vocal 

.    D 

D 


non-voeal 
(Mh)  . 
ObstruoUonli   •    •    •    •    •  "j'       (nIi.);  ' 
'  (DIowinf  to  cool)  W  a«nn«o. 
Wh     .     .     .     .    W 

(«h)l*Si;?i'"U.n.ooU,. 

8b    ...     .      Zh«in*MoN. 

I  (atl«A)  (m  III 


M 

.  N 
Nf 


Central 
EmUslon 


Lateral 
EmUiion 

I.ax 
Vibration 


(Vh){»-T^»-»V 
.  (Ch)  <ieniiaii.       Ohj 

F V 

Th  iu  Mm.  ])h  M  In  tkm. 

Lb  rr.  <  In  tabl*.      L 


Oennnn  e 
■mnol 


In 

llHIlT, 


/  (Snarl.) 
l(Hh) 


(Barr.) 
RMIM. 


67 


UAiii..,.-U.IJ)i«iJ 


68                          APPENDIX. 

Table  of  Initial  Cmuonawt  CombifuUiona. 

Bl     .     as  in  blade 

Fr     .     as  in  Iright 

Br  .     .     .     bride 

Fy  .     .     .    few 

Bw    .     .     .  buoy 

Vy    .     .     .  view 

By  .     .     •     beauty 

Thr      .     .     three 

PI .     ,     .     .  place 

Thv:  .     .     .  thwart 

Pr    .     .     .     price 

Thy     .     .     thews 

Py     .     .     .  pure 

81      .     .     .  sleep 

Dr  .     .     .     draw 

Sm .     .     .     smile 

Dzh  .     .     .jew 

Sn      .     .     .  snarl 

Dw.     .     .     dwell 

Sf  .     .     .     sphere 

Dy    .     .     .  due 

sp    .   .   •  spy 

Tr  .     .     .     try 

St  .     .     .     sty 

Tsh  ...     .  chain 

Sk     .    .    .  slqr 

Tw .     .     .     twelve 

Sw  .     .     .     sway 

Ty    .     .     .  tune 

Sy     ...  sue 

Gl   .     .     .     glad 

Shr      .     .     shrink 

Gr    .     .     .  great 

Spl    .     .     •  spleen 

Gw      .     .     guelph 

Spr.     .     .     spring 

Gy    .     .     .  gewgaw 

Spy  .    .    .  spume 

Kl  .     .     .     climb 

Sti'  .     .     .    straw 

Kr    ;     .     .  crime 

Sty    .     .     .  stew 

Kw .     .     •    quite 

Ski     .     .      sclerotic 

Ky    .     .     .  cure 

Skr  .     .     .  screw 

My .     .    .    muse 

Skw     .     .     squint 

JVy    .     .    ,  new 

Sky  .    •.    .  skewer 

m   .    .    .    flight 

^- 


i»i 


WIX. 

onaid  Combinationa, 


Fr    . 

as  in  (right 

Fy  . 

.     .     few 

Vy    . 

.     .  view 

Thr 

.     three 

Thrr. 

.     .  thwart 

Thy     . 

thews 

81      . 

.     .  sleep 

Sm. 

.     .     smile 

Sn      . 

.     .  snarl 

Sf  . 

.     .     sphere 

Sp     . 

.     .  spy 

St  . 

.     .     sty 

Sk     . 

.     .  sky 

Sw  . 

.     .     sway 

Sy     . 

.     .  sue 

Shr 

.     .     shrink 

Spl     . 

.     .  spleen 

Spr. 

.     .     spring 

Spy  . 

.     .  spume 

Sta-  . 

.     .     straw 

Sty   . 

.     .  stew 

Ski 

.     .     sclerotic 

Skr  . 

.     .  screw 

Skw 

.     .     sqiiiut 

Sky  . 

■.     .  skewer 

APPENDIX.                          «» 

Consonant  Lxerciam. 

Fob  rapid  reiteration. 

nOJMMWiJ. 

shasa  shaaasbb                                   ' 

pata  patapa 

thasha  tbashatba 

tapa  tapata 

shatha  shathasha 

pnka  pakapa 

tbasnsha  thashasa 

kapa  kapaka 

sathashn  sashntha 

taka  takftta 

sh>>?Muia  shatbasa 

kata  kateka 

vocal.                                       I 

pataka  pakata 

bada  badaba                                     > 

tflipaka  takapa 

daba  dnbada                                     ^ 

kapata  katapa 

baga  bagaba                                      | 

gaba  gabaga                                    | 

pafa  pafapa 

daga  dagada 

fapa  fapafa 

gada  godaga 

fawba  fawha& 

bagada  badaga 

whafa  whafawlia 

daboga  dagaba 

IMwhafa  pa&wha 

gadaba  gabada 

fapawha  fuwhapa 

whapafa  whafapa 

bava  bavaba 

\aba  vabava 

fatha  fathafk 

bawa  bawaba                                    \ 

tbafa  thafatba 

waba  wnbawa 

thasa  thasatha 

vawa  vawava                                   j 

satha  sathasa 

wa\a  wavawa 

sasha  sashasa 

bawavk  buvawa 

•1!'    1 


APFSNDIX. 


vabftwa  vawaba 
wabava  wavaba 

vatha  vathava 
thava  tbavatha 
thaza  thazatha 
zatba  zatbaza 
vatbaza  vazatba 
tbavaza  tbazava 
zavatba  zatbava 

thazba  tbazbatba 
zbatba  cbathazba 
zozba  zazbaza 
zbaza  zbazazba 
tbazbaza  tbazozba 
zatbazba  zaisbatba 
zbazatba  zbathaza 

rala  ralara 
lara  larala 
rana  raoara 
nara  narana 
lana  lanala 
»ala  nalana 
raiana  ranaia 


lanna  lanara 
nalara  narala 

combiMtUma. 

biabra  blabrabla 

brabla  brablabra 

plapra  plaprapla 

prapla  praplapra 

flnfira  flafrafla 
flrafia  firaflaiVa 
glagra  glagragla 
gragbi  graglagra 
dacra  clacraola 
cracla  oraclacra 
Ibwaswa  tbwaswatbwa 
swatbwa  swathwaswa 
tbrasbra  thrasbrathra 
sbrathra  shratbrasbra 
slasna  alasnasla 
snasla  gnoslasna 
tradra  tradratra 
dratra  drotaradra 
cbaja  cbs^acba 
jaoba  jadiaja 
spasfh  spaiiifiiapa 
sfaspa  sfa8pa£>fa 


T 


DJX 

rana  lanara 
klara  narala 

cnmMnaHonM. 
abra  blabrabla 
rabla  bmblabra 
lapra  plaprapla 
rapla  praplapra 
nft-a  flafralla 
rafla  firaflaiVa 
lagra  glagragla 
ragla  graglagm 
lacra  clacraola 
racia  oraclacra 
hwaswa  thwaswathtra 
iwathwa  swathwaswa 
broshra  thrashrathra 
shratbra  sbmthrasbra 
slasna  slasDasIa 
snasla  snaslaena 
bradra  tradmtra 
dratra  drati.'adra 
cUaja  ch^acba 
jaoba  jadiaja 
spasDa  spsuiifafipa 
afaspa  sfuapa&fii 


•  APPENDIX. 


71 


staska  stuskasta 
skasta  skastaaka 


splaspra  splaspruspla 
spraspla  sprasplospra 


Worda  and  Sentence*. 


Beel-brotb. 

Three  sixths. 

Literally  literary. 

Knitting  needle. 

Quit  quickly. 

Such  a  sash. 

Puff  up  the  fop. 

A  velvet  weaver. 

A  out  of  puuipkiu. 

A  knapHa«;k  strap. 

Coop  up  the  cook. 

A  school  ix>al-scuttle 

Veal  and  white  wine  vinegar^ 

Geese  ca^tkle  and  cattle  low. 

C!ooks  csrow  and  crows  caw. 

A  shocking  sottish  B«3t 

She  sells  sea-shells. 

TRR  mm. 


Cloud-capp'd. 
Laurel  wreath. 
Linen  lining. 
A  comic  mimic. 
Rural  railroad. 
Scotch  thatch. 
Statistics  of  sects. 
Portly  poultry. 
A  wet  white  wafer. 
Pick  pepper  peacock. 
I  snuff  shop  snuff. 


m 


